In 1983, Australian scientists Warren and Marshall isolated and cultured Campylobacter pylori (CP), which was renamed Helicobacter pylori (Hp) in 1989 according to the morphological characteristics of the bacterium. Numerous studies have shown that Hp is one of the major pathogenic factors in peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-like lymphoma, and is closely related to the occurrence of gastric cancer. Therefore, accurate detection of Hp is of great importance for the diagnosis and treatment of these gastric diseases. There are many methods for H. pylori detection: 1. direct examination of material taken from human gastric mucosal tissue, including direct smear staining, isolation and culture, and pathological histological examination (W-S silver staining); 2. indirect examination using the urease producing properties of Hp, including rapid urease test (RUT), 14C-urea whistle test and 13C-urea whistle test (13C-UBT) and determination of 3. immunological tests including detection of Hp-associated antigens and antibodies; 4. polymerase chain reaction, etc. Among the many methods of Hp detection, the pathological histological examination W-S silver staining method is more accurate than other staining methods, but its operation is complicated, and it takes 3-5 days to get the results, which is invasive. The 13C-urea breath test (13C-UBT) is a non-invasive test that has been widely used in recent years for its simplicity, speed, safety and painlessness. The 13C-urea breath test (13C-UBT) is an evaluation of the infection of the whole stomach, without biopsy error. There is no biopsy error, and it has high sensitivity and specificity (90-100%, 89-95%). Common H. pylori test routes are blood sampling, gastroscopic sampling and whistle sampling. 1, blood testing: that is, by drawing blood to detect the level of antibodies to H. pylori in the serum. After being infected by H. pylori, it can produce the corresponding antibodies to H. pylori in the body, so that the test shows a positive result, but it generally takes months and a half after infection to be positive, in the early stages of H. pylori infection, the test, there will be false negative results. Even if H. pylori is eradicated, the antibodies fall slowly, patients often need 1-2 years to turn negative, so that the cured carry a long-term “positive” black pot. 2, gastroscopy detection: can be done when the patient needs gastroscopy, “by the way”
Biopsy sampling, detection of the presence of H. pylori. Fast urease test can be done, the method is simple and fast, but due to the observation time is too short, or the influence of certain factors in the stomach, resulting in less accurate results. Sometimes a bacterial culture and drug sensitivity test can be added. Disadvantages of transgastroscopic sampling: the patient needs to undergo the pain of insertion, and if H. pylori is focally distributed it is easy to miss the diagnosis (10% miss rate). With the doctor’s extensive experience and proper sampling, the leakage rate can be reduced. 3, whistle sampling test: the test is highly sensitive, specificity is also very high, the patient painless. Is one of the most popular methods of detecting H. pylori in recent years. Specific methods can be divided into two: 14C whistle test and 13C whistle test. 14C whistle test is less expensive, but due to the presence of radiation hazards of the test, children, pregnant women, nursing mothers and the elderly and infirm should be used with caution; for the same patient, it is also advisable to avoid repeatedly using this method of detection. 13C whistle test is not radioactive, no damage to the human body, patients of all ages can be used. The method can be used for patients of all ages. The test is performed on an empty stomach for three hours before the test, and during the sampling process, the patient takes a capsule within half an hour and takes three breaths of air to obtain a sample, which is very accurate in detecting the presence of H. pylori infection.