Pneumothorax is a state in which gas enters the pleural cavity causing pneumatization. Pneumothorax treatment includes conservative treatment, exhaustion treatment and surgical treatment. For conservative treatment of pneumothorax, patients should absolutely rest in bed, talk as little as possible, take sufficient oxygen and reduce the activity of the lungs. Conservative treatment is suitable for the first occurrence of stable small pneumothorax with mild symptoms. Pneumatic evacuation therapy, including thoracentesis aspiration and closed chest drainage. Thoracentesis aspiration is suitable for closed pneumothorax with a small amount of pneumothorax, mild dyspnea and still good cardiopulmonary function. Closed thoracic drainage is suitable for patients with unstable pneumothorax, marked dyspnea, more severe pulmonary compression and recurrent pneumothorax. Chemical pleural fixation for pleural adhesions and elimination of the pleural space. It is suitable for patients with persistent or recurrent pneumothorax but cannot tolerate surgery. Endobronchial occlusion: blocking the bronchus and closing the large alveolar fissure. Surgical treatment: Patients with ineffective medical treatment and long-term air leakage after closed drainage can be treated surgically. Currently, the main surgical modality is minimally invasive thoracoscopic surgery, and open-chest treatment is adopted for complex surgery. In short, when pneumothorax occurs, do not do strenuous exercise, do not speak loudly, seek medical diagnosis as early as possible, and treat the cause symptomatically and timely to avoid serious life-threatening complications.