Diarrhea is a very common symptom in babies and a very frequent problem for mothers to consult and visit. Today I want to make a dissection of this problem so that mothers can learn to apply it and take care of their babies. The causes of diarrhea are different for children of different ages, so I will try to explain the more common diarrhea for each age in order of age. 1, breast milk “diarrhea”: the reason for adding a quotation mark is that this is a very common non-pathological diarrhea in babies 0-3 months. Because breast milk contains more oligosaccharides (water-soluble fiber), breast-fed children stool more often, but as long as the stool is golden yellow, no mucus, pus and blood and other things, good spirit, it does not matter. Often parents are nervous to go around to the clinic, or some inexperienced doctors will give with a lot of drugs lead to the original healthy gastrointestinal tract dysfunction. 2, allergic diarrhea: this can be seen in all ages. However, it is a type of diarrhea that is often misdiagnosed and missed in the 1-12 months of age, and with the control of infectious diarrhea, it has become an increasingly common type of diarrhea in urban children. It is mainly seen in allergic children, with watery stools, and some children may have a characteristic redness of the mouth and lips after eating allergenic foods. The stool test usually has very few red and white blood cells, sometimes only a little blood, and positive occult blood. 3, bait diarrhea: We sometimes call it indigestion, which occurs at all ages. But it is more common between 6-12 months of age when complementary foods are added. It is manifested as indigestion of food, sometimes pulling out the prototype of food, but there is no or little snot-like mucus, and the stool test has almost no red and white cells. As long as the diet is adjusted, you will be able to recover quickly. 4. Infectious diarrhea: This is also possible at every age, but the pathogens of infection are different for people of different ages and hygiene conditions. For example, urban children aged 6 months-2 years may have more rotavirus infections, while rural children with poor sanitation may have more bacterial infections. If the preschool or school-age children over 3 years old, then it is the norovirus infection that has been circulating in the circle of friends recently to be more. Compared with other non-infectious diarrhea, this type of diarrhea is contagious, stool trait changes are more obvious, most have vomiting, fever, easily dehydration symptoms, and most of the stool routine tests are significantly abnormal. 5, symptomatic diarrhea: In this case, there are usually other diseases, such as respiratory, urinary tract, middle ear infections, or sometimes, just a cold. Diarrhea is just a manifestation of these infections or symptoms, and can be improved by treating the primary disease or correcting the pathogenic state. 6. Medical and pharmacogenic diarrhea: This type of diarrhea is very “Chinese” and is far underestimated because of the lack of physician training, the drug-based medical mechanism, and the health literacy of parents. Medical diarrhea, including the ongoing outbreak of norovirus enteritis across the country, is mostly caused by cross-infection as too many children gather at central hospitals. The pharmacogenic diarrhea is more. Objectively speaking, because of enhanced nutrition and improved hygiene habits, bacterial infections in urban children are currently decreasing year by year, but the application of antimicrobials is not, especially the unregulated use of antimicrobial infusions, which is the culprit of antimicrobial-related diarrhea. It usually manifests itself as diarrhea that occurs after the use of antimicrobials and can lead to difficulties in treatment, so both doctors and parents should think twice before using antimicrobials. There is also a category of diarrhea related to Chinese medicine, the gastrointestinal function of infants is weak, so the younger the child the more cautious the choice of Chinese medicine treatment, and it is best not to eat several kinds of proprietary Chinese medicine, which obviously can cause diarrhea. Second, after saying the causes of diarrhea, and then talk about the diagnosis and observation of diarrhea. 1, the first thing is to find out the cause. When taking care of your child, if any abnormal stools are found, take pictures in time. An experienced doctor is usually able to detect the cause of diarrhea in time through the photos of stool specimens. If there is abnormal mucus, specimens should be promptly retained in containers such as plastic bags, plastic bags, glass, etc. and sent to the hospital for examination within 2 hours. Often mothers with stools that have been dried up by diapers are obviously inaccurate for laboratory tests. 2. Observation of disease is crucial because diarrhea in babies can be a mixture of multiple causes and change quickly. Mothers should keep an eye out for meaningful information in the context of age, diet, and medication. In the case of infectious diarrhea, possible dehydration is usually encountered. If there is little urine, little tears, obvious irritability, sunken eye sockets and fontanelle, it is necessary to seek medical attention. Third, and finally, the treatment of diarrhea. 1. Prevent continued damage. For example, if it is caused by infection, it is important to pay attention to proper isolation and hand washing to prevent cross infection. If the diarrhea is bait or allergic, just lift the food that may cause excessive burden on the gastrointestinal tract or allergic, it can make the diarrhea better. 2, fluid and nutrition supplementation. This is crucial for diarrhea, vomiting, and loss of large amounts of fluid. Breast milk, lactose-free formula, oral rehydration saline or salted rice soup in case of emergency can all replenish lost fluids. The key is to replenish as needed, how much is lost, and how much must be replenished in a timely manner, otherwise it is possible to worsen the symptoms of dehydration. Of course for children with gastroenteritis, feeding and watering also requires skill. You can eat confused milk or feed slowly with something like a syringe when you are fast asleep. If it is a mother who lacks nursing skills, it will be difficult for the baby to avoid the infusion. 3. Zinc supplementation. This is highly recommended by the WHO to reduce the symptoms and shorten the duration of diarrhea, but is rarely implemented in a regulated manner. Zinc supplementation of 10-20 mg/day is recommended for children under 5 years of age with diarrhea, but, ironically, the zinc content of familiar products on TV is very low and is usually ineffective in children with diarrhea at too low a dose, which also reflects the extent to which zinc supplementation for diarrhea is neglected. 4. Proper anti-diarrhea and anti-emetic. For children with aggressive diarrhea and vomiting, losing a large amount of liquid for a short time, it is necessary to use some antidiarrheal and antiemetic drugs such as montelukast and morpholine suspension to reduce the loss of liquid, but if they gradually recover, they should not use excessive use to avoid side effects such as constipation. 5, the use of probiotics. Probiotics are a class of drugs that are suitable for almost all diarrhea and relatively safe. But not all can be applied well, in addition to pay attention to the water temperature is not too high, the choice of probiotics is also delicate. If the application of antimicrobial or antimicrobial-related diarrhea, yeast type is better; if the diarrhea of milk protein allergy, obviously probiotics containing protein coupling agent can not be used; if the immune system is low or malnourished children, the long-term use of probiotics containing enterococci have certain risks. 6, the use of antibiotics, antiviral drugs. Due to the improvement of hygiene habits, most diarrheal diseases are actually not bacterial infections, only mucus, pus and blood a lot, fecal white blood cells 3-5 above, there are indications to use antibacterial, because the use of antibacterial itself will lead to diarrhea, so be careful, mothers can not arbitrarily use actually antibacterial cephalosporin and other “anti-inflammatory drugs The mother should not use “anti-inflammatory drugs” such as cephalosporins, which are actually antimicrobials. Since most infectious diarrhea is a viral infection, is it a matter of course to use antivirals? The answer is also no. The antivirals currently on the market are ineffective against the diarrhea virus, the side effects are greater than the therapeutic effects, and are unnecessary. Even I think, humans simply do not have the ability or the need to want to win the war with the diarrhea virus, because the virus infection itself is a self-healing tendency, as long as the appropriate supplemental fluids and nutrients, a period of time, the virus can automatically clear. In recent years, norovirus outbreaks of infection from time to time, partly because of the widespread promotion of rotavirus vaccination, resulting in the norovirus turtles. 7, when to seek medical help. This depends on the mother’s medical literacy, care skills, mental capacity, possible medical help and many other factors. If the mother is good at learning, nursing skills enough, strong inside, is almost always able to handle at home. Only when the dehydration is severe, vomiting is obvious and cannot be fed do you need emergency medical measures to help rehydrate. For “you know” reasons, oral and nasal rehydration, which have no side effects but are equally effective, are rarely used in hospitals, and both doctors and parents prefer the infusion method. For the same reason, children with diarrhea who are supposed to be given electrolyte-based fluids for rehydration are often “piggybacked” on many drugs that should not be given and are not effective.