Autoimmune disease (AID) refers to a disease in which the body’s immune effector cells or immune effector molecules produce a pathological immune response against its own tissues or cells, and the autoimmune response is involved in the pathogenesis, resulting in tissue damage or dysfunction. In recent years, due to the improvement of human understanding of AID, the accumulation of clinical experience and the advancement of laboratory diagnostic techniques, the incidence of AID has increased significantly, and its overall incidence accounts for 3-5% of the world population.The common classification of AID is divided into organ-specific (or restricted) AID and systemic (or organ non-specific, systemic) AID according to the distribution range of autoantigens.The incidence range of AID The diagnosis of AID is mainly based on clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, histopathology and imaging examinations. Among the laboratory tests, autoantibody detection is essential for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of AID, and autoantibodies have become the most important feature of AID. The existence of autoantibodies has been recognized since the phenomenon of lupus cells (LE cells) was first described by Hargraves in 1948. Autoantibodies are immunoglobulins that are resistant to components of one’s own intracellular, cell surface, and extracellular antigens. Autoantibodies are one of the important features of autoimmune responses and autoimmune diseases, and most autoimmune diseases are accompanied by a characteristic autoantibody (spectrum), and autoantibody testing has become an important tool for diagnosing autoimmune diseases.