How to treat salivary cancer?

  Salivary glands include three major salivary glands, parotid, submandibular and sublingual, and some minor salivary glands of palatal, tongue and oral mucosal origin.  I. Clinical manifestations: It is not difficult to diagnose salivary gland cancer when patients present symptoms such as fast growing and fixed mass, facial or sublingual nerve paralysis and severe pain. However, many salivary gland carcinomas are not very fast growing and not large in size, so it is not easy to confirm their benign or malignant nature and some ancillary examinations have to be performed.  Most of the salivary carcinomas are located on the surface of the body except for those originating from the small salivary glands of the oral cavity. This method is simple, inexpensive, repeatable and non-invasive, and should be recommended as the first choice of examination.  CT or MRI can be done for deep lobe parotid masses involving the pharyngeal side or huge masses, which can clearly show the relationship between them and the surrounding anatomical structures, but should not be included as routine.  Pathological examination: Fine needle aspiration cytology diagnosis (FNAC) must emphasize that a fine needle with an external diameter of 0.6mm (domestic No. 6 needle) should be used, and is not a routine examination method (personally, I do not recommend it).  Frozen section is also an important measure for qualitative diagnosis, but its results are not superior to FNAC diagnosis, especially because of the tendency to misdiagnose benign as malignant. It must be noted that dissection of part of the tumor tissue for frozen section examination is never allowed, nor can we make decision making treatment based entirely on frozen section examination, such as sacrificing the facial nerve and cervical dissection.  IV. Surgery: 1. Primary lesion Thorough first surgery is the key to cure salivary gland cancer. Many low-grade malignant salivary gland tumors can be cured by superficial lobectomy of parotid gland, submandibular gland excision, and extensive local excision of carcinomas originating from small salivary glands in the oral cavity.  In some cases, all or part of the branches of the facial nerve and adjacent tissues, including locally invaded skin, muscle, bone and nerves (lingual nerve and hypoglossal nerve) need to be removed, and in some cases, the mandible on the affected side needs to be removed.  Although there are different opinions on the management of parotid cancer involving the facial nerve, one principle must be affirmed, that is, whether to sacrifice the facial nerve depends on the clinical and intraoperative manifestations rather than the pathological diagnosis (except for adenoid cystic carcinoma). Branches with intact preoperative nerve function or without direct intraoperative tumor invasion are not sacrificed, and postoperative adjuvant radiation therapy is used. Its survival rate does not depend on whether the uninvaded facial nerve is removed or not.  2.Cervical clearance Salivary gland cancer neck clearance depends on the histopathological type. Other primary cancers with poor differentiation, clinical stage III or IV, and clinically palpable enlarged lymph nodes should undergo radical neck clearance.  V. Radiation therapy: Fast neutron therapy for salivary gland carcinoma can be the first choice, which has the best biological effect on adenoid cystic carcinoma. Radiation therapy is mainly suitable for highly malignant salivary carcinoma, as well as those with microscopic residual lesions after surgery, local soft tissue, bone, nerve or lymphatic vessel involvement, and those with recurrent carcinoma that cannot be operated again. For low-grade malignant adenocarcinoma with clinical stage I or II, postoperative radiation therapy is not necessary.  Radiation therapy should preferably be started within 4 weeks after surgery. The anterior border of the parotid irradiation field should reach the anterior edge of the chewing muscle, the posterior border should include the mastoid process, the upper border is the zygomatic arch, and the lower border should reach the level of the hyoid bone. For cases with nerve invasion, especially those with primary submandibular glands and oral minor salivary glands, the irradiation field should include the skull base and the irradiation dose should be at 50 Gy, and the dose should be increased to 60-70 Gy if the cut edge is confirmed positive postoperatively.