When it comes to blood transfusion, many people think of those shots in TV and movies, right? For example: the doctor informed the family needs a blood transfusion, immediately someone rolled up his sleeves and said, doctor, draw my bar, I am type O ……; and then for example: the blood donor and blood transfusion lying in a ward, separated by a cloth curtain, the blood drawn so transfused into the patient’s body…. …in fact, blood transfusion is so simple? Today we will talk about blood transfusion. The history of blood transfusion can be traced back to more than 300 years ago. In 1667, there was a mentally ill man named Mauroy in Paris, France, who met a nobleman who sent him to a clinic during a psychotic episode. There, the unlucky man received what now seems unthinkable treatment – blood transfusion, and the transfusion was animal blood, and predictably followed by a severe immune response: fever, shock …… more incredible is that he actually passed through the ghost gate, survived He survived and did not have another attack for the next few months. This event caused a great sensation in Europe at the time and sparked a great interest in blood transfusion therapy. Blood transfusion is not as simple as it appears on TV. It is a rigorous and complex process from donation to testing, from preservation to transportation, and finally to safe transfusion into the patient. At present, each city has its own blood center, which is responsible for collecting, testing and preserving blood products, and each hospital also has a transfusion department, which can store a small portion of the component blood sent from the blood center with qualified tests for use in emergency situations such as rescue and surgery. Citizens are required to donate blood at the designated blood center, so there is no such thing as a blood transfusion while drawing blood in a hospital. When it comes to blood transfusion, it is necessary to donate blood for free, so let’s talk about blood donation briefly. There are certain standards regarding the amount and time of blood donation. Generally, whole blood is 200ml-400ml (about the amount of a carton of milk), which can be chosen according to your conditions. Platelet donation requires an interval of at least 15 days and requires donors to have a platelet count of >150×109/L before collection. As for the stricter requirements for blood donors, they can be found out specifically at local blood stations. Before the discovery of blood type, blood transfusion is blind. If you are lucky to meet the same type, you will be fine, but if you are unlucky to meet a different blood type (the chance is higher), it may even lead to the death of the patient. Therefore, the discovery of ABO blood group was a revolutionary scientific contribution to blood transfusion, followed by the discovery of Rh blood group, which further ensured the safety of blood transfusion. At present, blood transfusion basically needs to strictly follow the same blood type (ABO, Rh) transfusion, blood transported to various hospitals, doctors and nurses will carry out three checks and seven pairs and cross-matching to ensure the safety of blood transfusion, so those who roll up their sleeves randomly donate blood things basically can not happen. When it comes to blood transfusion, I guess most people think of the red bag of blood, but in fact, this is already decades old. Why is it necessary to transfuse component blood? It is because during the treatment process, it was found that some patients with a single component deficiency of blood (such as reduced platelets), transfusion of whole blood to replenish platelets while also entering the body with red blood cells, etc., which does not play the role of red blood cells, but also increases the burden on the heart. Therefore, with the development of blood donation technology and blood collection equipment, blood transfusions are now advocating the transfusion of component blood. Component blood includes the following: concentrated red blood cells, washed red blood cells, platelets, plasma, cold precipitation, etc. Other products such as albumin, concentrated clotting factor products, immunoglobulin, etc., which are derived from human plasma protein products, are also considered blood products in a sense. When to transfuse blood? This is also a question, only some principles are mentioned here, the specific situation needs to be decided by the doctor according to the different conditions of each patient. 1.Severe blood loss: including gastrointestinal bleeding, traumatic bleeding, surgical bleeding, etc.; 2.Anemia: common in blood system diseases, such as leukemia, aplastic anemia, thalassemia, etc.; 3.Thrombocytopenia: when platelets are reduced to a certain degree, accompanied by severe bleeding or bleeding tendency; 4.Coagulation abnormalities: DIC, various coagulation factor deficiencies, etc. People are most concerned about the safety of blood transfusion. Blood transfusion is like a double-edged sword, which may bring about some conditions while saving patients’ lives. There are more than 60 diseases transmitted with blood, the biggest problem is infectious diseases such as hepatitis, HIV, syphilis, etc. These viruses exist in the blood and can naturally be transmitted to normal people through blood transfusion. A decade ago, when medical and testing conditions were relatively poor, we would hear that someone had been infected with hepatitis C and HIV through blood transfusions, and this made people start to talk about blood. Nowadays, testing conditions are much more advanced, and infectious disease-related tests are routinely performed when donating blood to avoid transfusion transmission to the greatest extent possible. However, some viruses are characterized by a window period, meaning that the virus is already present in the body but cannot be detected by current technology, which poses certain obstacles. Other common adverse reactions are allergic reactions such as fever and rash; rare ones may include hemolysis and shock. Therefore, it is undeniable that blood transfusion still carries certain risks under modern medical conditions. Therefore, more stringent selection of blood donors’ management and clinical indications for blood transfusion is needed to achieve safe blood transfusion.