Thyroid nodules are a very common condition, especially in middle-aged women. Benign nodules account for the majority of cases, with less than 1% of malignant nodules. Thyroid nodules can be solitary or multiple, with multiple nodules having a higher incidence than solitary nodules, but solitary nodules have a higher incidence of thyroid cancer. Nodular goiter is more common in our Yan’an area. Common diseases and their clinical manifestations (1) Nodular goiter is more common in middle-aged women. In the absence of thyroid hormone in the body, the pituitary gland secretes more TSH, and the thyroid gland is stimulated by this increased TSH for a long time, resulting in uneven enlargement of the thyroid gland and nodular changes after repeated or continuous hyperplasia. There may be bleeding, cystic changes and calcifications within the nodules. The main clinical manifestation is an enlarged thyroid gland with multiple nodules of varying size on palpation. The patient has few clinical symptoms, usually only anterior neck discomfort, and thyroid function tests are mostly normal. (2) Nodular toxic goiter This disease starts slowly and often occurs in patients who have had a nodular goiter for many years, mostly aged 40-50 years or older, and is more common in women. A smooth round or oval nodule with clear borders and hard texture can be found on palpation of the thyroid gland, which moves up and down with swallowing. Thyroid function tests may show elevated thyroid hormone in the blood, and if the nodule is functionally autonomous, a nuclear scan may show a “hot nodule”. (3) Inflammatory nodules There are two types of nodules: infectious and non-infectious, the former being mainly subacute thyroiditis caused by viral infection, while other infections are rare. The latter is mainly caused by autoimmune thyroiditis, mostly seen in middle-aged and young women, the patient’s conscious symptoms are less, the examination can find multiple or single nodules, hard and tough texture, less pressure pain, thyroid function tests show thyroglobulin antibodies and Thyroid function tests often show strong positivity for thyroglobulin and thyroid microsomal antibodies. (4) Thyroid cysts Most of them are formed by degenerative changes of goiter nodules or adenomas, containing blood or slightly mixed fluid, with clear borders and a hard texture. In a small number of patients, they are caused by congenital thyroglossal cysts or remnants of gill slits. (5) Thyroid tumors include benign thyroid tumors, thyroid cancer and metastatic cancer, and thyroid cancer is more common in children. Treatment principles 1. Multiple nodules (1) If the thyroid function is normal or hypothyroid, a small dose of thyroid hormone treatment can be tried first, if the nodules are more obvious after treatment, surgery should be considered. (2) Toxic thyroid nodules should be surgically removed after hyperthyroidism is controlled. (2), A single nodule may be considered for surgical treatment. Common symptoms Single or multiple nodules of different sizes, round or oval, smooth surface, non-adherent to the surrounding area, moving up and down with swallowing, slightly harder in texture than normal glands, non-adherent and non-pressure lumps, which may maintain their original shape for a long time or grow slowly, may be thyroid adenoma. Early thyroid gland is mildly enlarged, soft in texture, no conscious symptoms, as the gland increases in size, nodules appear, and when enlargement is severe, there may be The age of onset is generally 40 to 50 years or older, with a higher incidence in women than in men, and a long history of disease. The nodules in the thyroid gland may vary in size and may be single or multiple, with a hard texture and localized pain, often radiating to the back of the ear and the top of the head, accompanied by significant pain and pressure in the thyroid body. The onset and progression of the disease is slow, with asymmetric enlargement of the thyroid gland, hard nodules with extensive adhesion and fixation to adjacent tissues outside the gland, localized vague pain and tenderness, and significant pressure symptoms, but no localized lymph node enlargement, most often in middle-aged women. It may be chronic fibrous thyroiditis. If the above symptoms appear, go to a hospital for thyroid surgery (or general surgery) as early as possible to avoid delaying the disease.