(1) Treatment of acute circulatory congestion: This disease is mainly caused by water and sodium retention and blood volume expansion, so the treatment of this disease should focus on correcting sodium and water retention and restoring blood volume, rather than applying digitalis drugs that strengthen myocardial contractility. Bed rest should be strictly limited water and sodium intake as soon as possible diuretic to lower blood pressure. In addition to diuretics, phentolamine or sodium nitroprusside should be added if necessary to reduce the anterior and posterior cardiac load. In case of significant hypertension, vasodilators, such as sodium nitroprusside 1-2ug/(kg?min), can be used. (same as hypertensive encephalopathy) or phentolamine 0.1-0.2mg/kg in 10-20ml of 5%-10% glucose solution can be given slowly intravenously to reduce the cardiac load. In case of restlessness, sedatives such as pethidine (dulcolax) (1mg/kg) or morphine (0.1-0.2mg/kg) are administered subcutaneously. Therefore, the cardiac output of such patients is not low, the arteriovenous oxygen difference is reduced, and the ejection fraction is not low, so digitalis preparations are generally not recommended. However, if the above treatment is not effective, hemofiltration or peritoneal dialysis can be used. Both hemofiltration and peritoneal dialysis are effective, but the former is faster and can reduce the potassium from 7.5-8mmol/L to within the normal range within 1~2h, while peritoneal dialysis requires 4~6h to reduce to normal. (2) Hypertensive encephalopathy: Mostly related to water intoxication from excessive blood volume. Treatment should be strictly limited water intake, salt restriction and diuretic. Diuretic can be used furosemide 2-3mg/(kg?times), 2-3 times/d. If there is hypertensive encephalopathy, sodium nitroprusside can be used for sedation. Sodium nitroprusside 10-20mg can be added in 5% glucose 100ml to adjust the number of drops 1-8ug/(kg?min) according to blood pressure to stabilize blood pressure at a certain level. For vasodilatation, dopamine and phentolamine 10mg each in 10% glucose 100ml can be administered intravenously once/d for 7 days. The combination of the two drugs can dilate small renal arteries and improve renal blood flow. The maximum amount <8ug> 4h should not be used after the infusion, the main adverse reactions need to avoid light are nausea, vomiting, headache muscle spasm, low blood pressure, etc. For convulsions, diazepam (diazepam; valium) 0.3 mg/(kg?) is used for sedation or in addition to strong and effective antihypertensive drugs to control blood pressure, attention should be paid to symptomatic management. (3) Acute renal insufficiency: In the oliguric phase: maintain water-electrolyte and acid-base balance, and strengthen diuresis. Strictly control the water intake: “quantity out is quantity in” only replenish the non-obvious water loss according to 400ml/(m2?d) or [infant 20ml/(kg?d), infant 15ml/(kg?d), child 10ml/(kg?d)] and the previous day’s urine volume and abnormal water loss. Daily fluid volume = urine volume + abnormal water loss – endogenous water produced by food metabolism and tissue breakdown. Abnormal losses including vomiting, diarrhea gastrointestinal drainage, etc. are replaced with 1/4 to 1/2 sheet of fluid. Daily attention should be paid to assessing the patient’s water status and the clinical presence or absence of dehydration or edema.