1.Congenital testicular sperm production disorder
The testes are the “factory” for sperm production. If this “factory” malfunctions, the quantity and quality of sperm will be affected. For example, congenital gonadal hypoplasia, cryptorchidism, small testicles, orchidism, etc.
2.Secondary testicular sperm production disorder
Testicular tuberculosis, testicular inflammation, testicular atrophy (caused by viral mumps), testicular tumor and varicocele, etc.
3.Chromosomal abnormalities
Commonly, male pseudohermaphroditism, Klinefelter syndrome, XYY syndrome, 46XY/47XXY and Y chromosome AZF region deletion and other chromosomal abnormalities cause testicular spermatogenesis disorders.
4, reproductive tract infection
Such as severe prostatitis, epididymitis, orchitis, urethritis and various viral infections of the reproductive tract can affect male fertility.
5.Endocrine diseases
Hypothalamic dysfunction, such as Kallmann syndrome, mainly gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency; pituitary dysfunction, such as selective luteinizing hormone (LH) deficiency and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) deficiency, hyperprolactinemia, etc. Adrenocortical hyperplasia can inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH by the pituitary gland, leading to infertility.
6.Abnormal vas deferens
Congenital vas deficiency and ejaculatory duct deficiency or congenital and acquired obstruction can affect the transport of sperm and cause infertility.
7. Sperm structure abnormalities and seminal plasma abnormalities
Sperm motility, energy acquisition and acrosome reaction can be affected. Patients with ciliated hysteresis syndrome show chronic respiratory disease in childhood, and in adulthood their sperm tail cilia are abnormal and their ability to swim forward is weak.
8.Immune infertility
Anti-sperm antibodies produced by the male and anti-sperm antibodies produced by the female can affect sperm vitality and penetration of the egg.
9.Male sexual dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction, severe premature ejaculation, non-ejaculation and retrograde ejaculation can all cause male infertility.
10.Environmental and physical factors
Smoking, alcoholism, mental tension, frequent hot baths, inappropriate intercourse, frequent long distance and overexertion can also cause sperm underdevelopment or low vitality. Deficiency of certain vitamins and trace elements can cause malnutrition of sperm development. Long-term use of certain drugs and the widespread use of chemical reagents, food additives, pesticides, and radiation in the environment in recent years have adverse effects on reproductive function, often leading to temporary or permanent damage to sperm production, resulting in infertility.