Cervical lesions is a collective term for suspected cervical precancerous lesions or cervical cancer in the absence of a clear pathological diagnosis, often longer referring to cervical CIN, not necessarily cervical cancer, which encompasses cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), a benign tumor of the cervix, and early cervical cancer, the latter being the most common gynecologic malignancy, both of which have the same etiology and are due to high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. About 70% of them are associated with HPV types 16 and 18. Cervical cancer originates from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, which reflects the continuous process in the development of cervical cancer and is closely related to each other. After the formation of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, it continues to develop, break through the subepithelial basement membrane and infiltrate the mesenchyme, gradually forming cervical invasive carcinoma. The process is manifested as normal epithelium, intraepithelial neoplasia, carcinoma in situ, microinfiltrative carcinoma and invasive carcinoma, which occurs at the intersection of single layer columnar epithelium and compound squamous epithelium in the ectocervix. CIN is divided into 3 grades. Grade I is mild heterogeneity, about 60% will regress spontaneously and can be observed and followed up, in the process of lesion development or persistence for 2 years, treatment is required. Grade II is moderate heterotype, grade III includes severe heterotype and carcinoma in situ, about 20% grade II will develop into grade III and 5% develop into invasive carcinoma, all grade II and III require treatment such as physiotherapy, cervical circumferential electrodesiccation LEEP, cold knife conization. Cervical cancer is divided into 4 stages according to the clinical staging criteria of the International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology in 2018, and treatment is based on clinical staging, patient’s age, fertility requirements, systemic condition, medical level and other integrated considerations to formulate appropriate individualized plans, and the general principle is a comprehensive treatment with surgery and radiotherapy as the mainstay and chemotherapy as a supplement. Surgery has the advantage of preserving ovarian and vaginal functions in young patients; radiotherapy is mainly for early stage patients whose systemic conditions are not suitable for surgery, or for preparing for surgery, reducing lesions, or for adjuvant treatment of high-risk factors in postoperative disease detection. Drug chemotherapy, mainly for patients with advanced stage or recurrent metastasis and concurrent radiotherapy. Cervical cancer is a preventable tumor with clear etiology and better screening methods. The detection of CIN through screening (liquid-based cytology TCT combined with high-risk HPVDNA test) and timely treatment of high-grade lesions are effective measures to prevent cervical cancer.