Prostate cancer that recurs and progresses after initial continuous androgen removal therapy is called “hormone-independent prostate cancer”, including “androgen-independent prostate cancer” and “hormone-refractory prostate cancer”. This includes “androgen-independent prostate cancer” and “hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Most prostate cancers are composed of different populations of androgen-dependent or androgen-independent tumor cells. The cell types in early stage prostate cancer tend to be predominantly androgen-dependent cells. When patients receive endocrine therapy, the androgen-dependent cells in the tumor die off in large numbers and rapidly, leaving only the androgen-non-dependent tumor cells, which were previously only a small percentage of the tumor, to proliferate and grow to become the predominant cell type in the tumor. These cells are not sensitive to androgen therapy, but are still effective in second-line hormone therapy, and this type of prostate cancer is called “androgen-independent prostate cancer.