According to a recent national sample survey, accidental death is the number one cause of death among children aged 0 to 14. Accidental injuries not only bring serious life and psychological consequences to the injured person himself, but also cast a shadow over the family’s life. If an only child suffers an irreparable accidental injury, the blow to the family is undoubtedly fatal. Therefore, elementary school students and their parents should also understand how to prevent accidental injuries, once the occurrence of health knowledge of how to perform first aid. First, what accidental injuries are likely to occur to children in elementary school? 1. In the family, burns, drug poisoning, gas poisoning and electrocution are often the main causes. 2. Outside the home, the incidence increases and is more serious due to the wide range of activities, such as traffic accidents (not following traffic rules when going out, jaywalking), drowning (not paying attention to safety when swimming), serious trauma (inappropriate exercise and excessive exercise during sports activities) and poisoning (unhygienic diet, selling things from stalls for pocket money to eat), etc. Second, how to prevent drug and food poisoning? Elementary school students with fever, colds and diarrhea should use medication under lifetime guidance. Do not take them on your own, and do not take adult medicines casually. Check the label of the medicine bottle, the dosage and the way to take the medicine carefully before taking it, and do not take any medicine that is out of date, deteriorated or unclearly labeled. Pay special attention to topical medications that are mistaken for internal medications. Parents should keep all medicines in a safe place so that children do not take them as sugar pills by mistake. Store internal and external medications separately. Daily use of insecticides, mosquitoes, rodents and other highly toxic drugs, more properly handled, do not allow children to contact. Pay attention to food hygiene, spoilage and expired food should not be eaten. Do not drink raw water and do not eat unclean food. Fruits with skin should be peeled off with a knife before eating. Some small fruits such as grapes, strawberries and prunes are washed with detergent, then rinsed with tap water and subsequently scalded with boiling water for about one minute; or soaked in light salt water for 5-10 minutes, then removed and rinsed with cold boiling water, etc. The first symptoms of food poisoning caused by accidental ingestion of toxic substances are mostly vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and generally no fever. It can also be manifested as convulsions and coma. If the above symptoms occur suddenly and cannot be explained by other causes, the possibility of oil poisoning should be considered and the following emergency treatment should be made before sending to hospital. 1. Quickly find out what kind of poison is causing the poisoning. Sugar-coated pills are most likely to be accidentally taken by children. Students’ pockets, school bags, stationery boxes, etc. should be quickly checked for the presence of some unimaginable poison such as wild fruits. When found, it should be kept and given to the physician for reference when going to the hospital. 2. Emetic: Use a spoon handle, chopsticks or fingers to stimulate the back wall of the throat to make it vomit. (Be careful to keep the emesis and vomitus for laboratory testing). If the child is confused and poisoned by corrosives and oils, emetic is prohibited. 3. Send to hospital urgently. What should I pay attention to before and after sports activities? 1. Preparatory activities: Adequate preparatory activities should be carried out before each sports activity. Because before the start of sports, visceral activity is still at a low level, if the sudden strenuous exercise, some children will occur pale, rapid heartbeat, dizziness and other phenomena, and sometimes even accidents. Therefore, we must first do limb stretching and jumping activities, and gradually increase the amount of exercise. 2, the content should be diverse: young children in sports should not concentrate on a certain project for a long time, which is easy to produce fatigue. Therefore, the intensity of practice should be small, the content should be varied, the activity time should not be too long, the number of breaks can be more, to carry out basic skills exercise, such as transfer, running, balance, swimming and other activities and children’s radio exercise. 3, finishing activities: after the cessation of sports activities, can not immediately sit or lie down to rest, especially after strenuous exercise, because the muscle movement stops, the upper and lower limb veins can not quickly send blood back to the heart, and at this time the heart still maintains a high level of activity, 4, should not be immediately after the meal activity: immediately after the meal activity is not suitable for digestion, sometimes abdominal pain or vomiting. 5, should not eat immediately after exercise: exercise is the body’s blood is more concentrated in the limbs and muscles, the gastrointestinal tract is in a state of relative ischemia and inhibition. Therefore, the general rest after exercise should be 30 minutes, the gastrointestinal tract to restore the normal state, before eating. Fourth, what should be done in case of trauma in sports activities? Inappropriate exercise and excessive exercise during sports activities can cause trauma and even fractures. Once a child has a traumatic injury and bleeding, it is very important to deal with it on the spot. If the wound is small, bleeding small injuries, as long as the wound is washed, disinfected and coated with red mercury (red potion) can be, without bandaging. Larger wounds, should be locally cleaned and disinfected, coated with red mercury or hemostatic drugs, and then wrapped with sterile gauze. If the bleeding is heavy and fast, it should be sent to the hospital immediately after hemostatic bandaging. For traumatic hematoma, sometimes in order to relieve the child’s pain, the hand is used to rub the head hematoma, as a result, the bigger the scalp hematoma is rubbed, the more bleeding, and the more painful it is. The correct method is to immediately remove the ice from the refrigerator, wrap it in cloth and put it on the hematoma to reduce subcutaneous bleeding. If ice is not available, cold compresses with cold, wet towels can also help stop the bleeding. After a child is injured, the first thing to do is to be sure if there is a fracture. There are six points in the diagnosis of fracture: (1) a typical traumatic process; (2) local pain; (3) functional impairment; (4) swelling of the limb (hematoma); (5) presence of deformity; and (6) abnormal activity. On-site treatment after a fracture occurs is very important and the following points should be noted: 1. In-situ examination: quickly and gently check the whole body, paying special attention to oil coma and shock. 2.Quickly stop bleeding: open fractures are often accompanied by bleeding, which must be controlled promptly. 3, wound treatment: open fractures should generally be hemostatic dressing, do not fill the wound with unclean things, nor should you put anti-inflammatory powder, hemostatic powder, ointment, etc., so as not to cause difficulties when clearing the wound. If the fracture end is exposed, it is generally not retracted, and after emergency dressing, simple local fixation is transferred to the hospital for treatment. 4.Fixation: The purpose is to limit the movement of the broken bone. Equipment should be selected locally. 5.Transportation: the movement should be light, soft, steady and fast when handling. Pay attention to head trauma, especially when there is a short period of delirium, later and awake. To closely observe 24 to 48 hours, once abnormalities are found during this period, should be immediately sent to the hospital, so as not to delay the diagnosis and treatment, to prevent tragedies. V. How to do about nose bruises and bleeding? Do not panic when the nose bleeds. First of all, let the students sit quietly, head slightly lowered forward, and ask them to spit out the blood flowing into the mouth, so as not to stimulate the stomach after swallowing and cause vomiting. The teacher pinches the sides of the nose with just the thumb and index finger for 10-15 minutes and puts a cold towel on the forehead and nasal bridge of the child, which can make the blood vessels contract to reduce bleeding. Most wall bleeding can be stopped with the above method. If there is still bleeding after the finger is loosened, a dry face ball dipped in 0.5% ephedrine or epinephrine can also be plugged into the nasal cavity on the bleeding side, and after the blood stops, students are instructed not to do strenuous exercise for 2 to 3 hours, and if the bleeding still cannot be stopped, they should go to the hospital quickly to be handled by a specialist. Note that you should not lift your head back when bleeding, trying not to let the blood out of the nostrils, as a result, the blood can flow into the stomach, and then in the vomit. This will not help to stop the bleeding and it is not easy to tell if the bleeding is continuing. For children who bleed easily, some preventive measures can be taken: they should drink more water and eat more vegetables and fruits. In the dry season, you can often apply some gentamycin or erythromycin ointment in the nasal cavity to keep the nasal mucosa slippery, and quit the bad habit of digging the nostrils; you should not cover too much at night, as the blood vessels dilate easily after it is too hot to bleed. Suspected systemic diseases should be actively treated. VI. How to deal with foreign bodies in the eyes, ears and nose? Once the foreign body into the body by mistake, should be dealt with in a timely manner, otherwise it will cause serious consequences. 1.Eye foreign body: Most of them occur in the windy season, sand, iron filings, etc. can be blown into the eye. Foreign body into the eye, so that students feel uncomfortable, a sense of friction and pain, do not dare to open their eyes, and even appear afraid of light, tears and other irritating symptoms. Foreign bodies in the eye must be handled with care, do not rub with your hands. If the foreign body stays in the conjunctiva or the fornix where the eyelid meets the eyeball, it is easier to remove. Wash your hands and turn up the upper or lower eyelid to expose the fornix of the conjunctiva, then rinse with clean water or use a cotton swab dipped in water to gently dab the foreign body out. If the foreign body embedded in the corneal surface, should go to the hospital to remove, do not operate at home, otherwise it is very easy to damage the cornea, and affect vision in the future. 2.Ear foreign body: The most common foreign body in the ear is water, which is often encountered after bathing and swimming. You should first use a dry towel to absorb the water in the ear canal, or use a cotton swab to gently try to absorb the water, then turn your head to the affected side, use your hand to the affected ear, and use the same side of the lower limb to perform a one-legged in-situ jump, after many jumps, the water will flow out automatically. Do not dig your ears with your hands! Once a solid foreign body enters the ear, go to the hospital and ask a specialist to deal with it. Do not blindly dig with matchsticks or small tweezers to avoid digging through the skin and then infecting the active digging deeper and deeper to puncture the eardrum and affect hearing. 3. Nasal foreign body: Children often stuff foreign bodies into the nasal cavity due to curiosity while playing. The most common foreign bodies are small paper balls, buttons, melons, fruit kernels, small plastic toys, beans, etc. Foreign body into the nasal cavity can appear after the nasal congestion, pain, pinching nose more obvious. If secondary infection can have a nasal odor, outflow of pus and blood discharge. Older children with foreign bodies and called small, can be asked to do nasal blowing action in the nostrils with hand pressure without the foreign body side, blowing out the foreign body. Can also be used to stimulate the nasal cavity with cotton swabs or pepper, is the child sneezing will be foreign body spray out. If none of these work, the child should be sent to the hospital and ask the doctor to remove the foreign body.