Nutrients needed by the human body: carbohydrates; fats; proteins; vitamins; inorganic salts; water; dietary fiber Carbohydrates Main sources: (plant foods) cereals, potatoes ( the most important source in daily life, the main component is starch) Sugar is mainly sucrose, providing disaccharides Vegetables and fruits: contain a small amount of simple sugars, is the main source of fiber and pectin Quality protein Definition: food protein The closer the amino acid pattern is to the amino acid pattern of human proteins, the easier it is to be absorbed and utilized by the body, called high-quality protein Includes: animal proteins such as eggs, milk, meat, fish, etc. and soy protein are called high-quality protein; green beans, soybeans, black beans are called soybeans Principles of nutritional therapy Ensure adequate energy intake Low-protein diet Low salt Low fat Low cholesterol Low phosphorus High calcium diet Restrict water intake Restrict potassium intake Rich in Dietary fiber Supplementation of vitamins, folic acid, iron What is your calorie requirement? Calculate your standard weight Height – 105 = ? (kg) What is your actual weight? Are you thin, normal, obese? (±10% of standard weight is ideal weight, >20% is obese, <20% is lean) What is your labor intensity? Your calorie requirement = weight X ? DOQI recommendation: calories kcal/weight kg/day ≥ 35kcal/kg/d (30kcal/kg/d, 60+ years) How much protein should you eat? *Find out what stage of kidney function you are in *What is the corresponding amount of protein *Your body weight X ?g/kg/d = the amount of protein you need in a day The amount of protein in a day is divided into three meals A simple algorithm of food protein 1 tael of staple food -- 4 grams of protein 1 pound of green vegetables -- 5 grams of protein 5g of protein 1 egg -- 5g of protein 1 bag (250ml) of milk -- 8g of protein 1 tael of meat (raw weight) -- 9g of protein 0.5 taels of beans -- 9 grams of protein 25 g of dried fruit -- 7 grams of protein 1 medium-sized fruit -- 1 gram of protein Starchy protein content is very little can not be remembered Low protein diet is not unlimited The low, in general, to ensure that 0.6 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day will not be prone to malnutrition. Low-protein diet should be based on limiting the total protein as much as possible to limit the amount of plant protein in staple foods, can use wheat starch instead of some ordinary flour, rice, to ensure the selection of high-quality protein foods, such as eggs, milk, lean meat, etc.. Should try to eat more calorie-containing and relatively low protein foods, such as potatoes, white potatoes, yams, taro, lotus root, water chestnuts, pumpkin, vermicelli, lotus root powder, rhizome powder, etc.. Eat a light diet, use less high sodium condiments such as salt, soy sauce, monosodium glutamate, oyster sauce and various sauces, and eat less pickled products, cooked foods and canned foods. Use more low-sodium condiments: vinegar, sugar, wine, pepper, five-spice powder, pepper, onion, ginger, garlic, etc. Water content of food 100% water: fresh milk, drinks, tea, water More than 90% water: porridge, soup, tofu, fresh vegetables and fruits 80%±: yogurt, ice cream, thick porridge 70%±: rice, potatoes, fresh fish and shrimp, meat, eggs, dried tofu, pancakes 30%±: steamed buns, cakes, bread Fire, noodles, all kinds of cooked meat, vermicelli, bean curd, snacks, dried food (cooked) Note: Congee: what rice was used, how many grams, how much water was used. If the patient has not calculated, you can estimate as follows, 250g of rice porridge (thin and moderate consistency) contains about 20g of rice and 230g of water. How to reduce the feeling of thirst? Water cup with scale, have a plan to drink No or less food high in salt Such as MSG, oyster sauce, soy sauce salted vegetables, cooked food. Add mint leaves and lemon slices to drinks. Make drinks into ice cubes to contain melted Chew xylitol gum Potassium-rich foods Phosphorus-low-potassium-high diet: spinach, rape, bananas, oranges, moderate juice, potatoes, tomatoes, lentils, radishes. Diet high in phosphorus and high in potassium: soybeans (green beans, soybeans, black beans), lean meat. Mixed legumes, mushrooms, peanuts, melon seeds. Ways to reduce potassium intake Eat less foods high in potassium Stir-fry vegetables in water or oil, eat less vegetable soup and lettuce Avoid coffee, tea, chicken essence, sports drinks, etc. Eat plain water and mineral water best Do not eat salt with potassium instead of sodium, healthy and delicious salt, unsalted soy sauce, etc. Do not drink concentrated soups and gravies How to reduce phosphorus in human body? Limit the following foods appropriately: milk, dairy products animal offal such as liver, kidney, heart, intestines and brain various fresh and dried beans nuts such as peanuts, melon seeds, cashews, almonds etc dried vegetables such as roti, fungus, silver fungus, various mushrooms, tea complete cereals including oats and rye protein intake and sources are usually related to phosphorus, which is about 15mg per gram of protein so your doctor will recommend you to take Phosphorus binding agents What foods are rich in fiber? Foods rich in dietary fiber: fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains Coarse grains: cornmeal, buckwheat noodles, various kinds of mixed beans Vegetables: celery, leeks, rape, cabbage, spinach, radish, cucumber, bamboo shoots, pelargonium Fruits: pineapple, mandarin oranges, bananas, dates, apricots Others: mushrooms, kelp, konjac, pectin, honey, thick sugar