The human liver has three sets of blood vessels, which are the hepatic artery, portal vein and hepatic vein. The hepatic artery and portal vein are responsible for delivering blood to the liver, and the hepatic vein is responsible for exporting the blood “processed” by the liver to the inferior vena cava. Once the hepatic vein is blocked, the blood flowing into the liver cannot be exported in time, the main consequences are two: firstly, liver stasis, hepatomegaly and abnormal liver function, on the other hand, the resistance of the input blood flow (mainly portal vein) may increase, digestion and absorption dysfunction, portal hypertension, ascites, and in longer term, cirrhosis, rupture and bleeding of esophagogastric varices may occur. . The etiology of hepatic venous obstruction is not fully understood, but it is related to congenital abnormalities, blood hypercoagulability, macrophlebitis and some immune disorders, and a few have a family history. In China, hepatic vein obstruction still has a tendency to have a specific geographical distribution: the incidence is higher in Henan, Shandong, Anhui and Jiangsu (northern Jiangsu). There are three basic types of pathological manifestations of this disease: one is simple hepatic vein obstruction with normal inferior vena cava. This disease was first described systematically by foreign scholars Budd (1846) and Chiari (1899), so it is called Budd-Chiari syndrome, which is translated as Bu-ga’s syndrome in Chinese. The second type is an obstruction of the inferior vena cava close to the right atrium, which affects the hepatic venous return, but there is no organic stenosis of the hepatic vein itself. In the third type, there is a stenosis or obstruction of both the hepatic vein and the inferior vena cava. The clinical manifestations of hepatic venous obstruction are often easily confused with primary peritonitis, chronic hepatitis, and cirrhosis-portal hypertension. Patients with unexplained digestive absorption disorders, intractable ascites, abnormal liver function, and lower limb-abdominal wall varices with or without portal hypertension should be alerted to this disease. Diagnostic tests include ultrasound, CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), etc. If the diagnosis cannot be confirmed after these tests and there is a high suspicion of hepatic vein obstruction, hepatic venography can be done, and intraoperative interventions can be performed at the same time. The traditional method of treating this disease is surgery, which mostly requires open chest, open abdomen and extracorporeal circulation, which is very traumatic and has a high rate of complications. A significant number of patients are not suitable for surgery because of ascites, liver function abnormalities and severe coagulation disorders, and the prognosis is poor. Interventional minimally invasive techniques for opening hepatic vein obstruction include: passing a puncture needle with a guide or a smooth microfine guidewire through the obstructed area, dilating the obstruction with a balloon, and placing a support (metal stent) into the obstructed area. Specific treatment principles and steps: (1) Puncture the femoral vein from the root of the thigh and insert a catheter of about 1.5mm in diameter for inferior vena cava imaging and manometry, followed by hepatic venography and manometry. (2) If the hepatic vein is completely obstructed, a special guidewire and puncture needle can be fed from the femoral vein or internal jugular vein to the hepatic vein-inferior vena cava confluence, and the obstruction can be opened with the puncture needle; in complicated cases, it is sometimes necessary to open the obstruction of the hepatic vein by combining the femoral vein, jugular vein and percutaneous hepatic puncture route. (3) Dilatation of the stenosis with a balloon (balloon-like) catheter; if the obstruction is of the septal type, the obstruction can be removed by dilation alone. (4) A stent is placed in the obstructed area to overcome post-dilatation tissue “rebound” and to improve long-term outcomes, the effect of the stent is similar to that of a support during tunneling. (5) Anticoagulation therapy is required for 3 to 6 months after surgery. Warfarin, aspirin, and pentoxifylline can be taken as prescribed, and the primary cause (e.g., immune disorders, hematologic disorders) should be treated, with Doppler ultrasound reviewed every 1 to 2 months for the first year after surgery, and at 3 to 6 month intervals thereafter. Restenosis (reappearance of symptoms) occurs in about 3-5% of cases after surgery and can be reopened by interventional methods. Interventional treatment of hepatic vein obstruction has the advantages of less trauma, high success rate (about 95%), wider indications, disappearance or significant relief of symptoms in 3-10 days after surgery in most patients, and low recurrence rate, etc. Some large hospitals with good interventional base in China are able to carry out this treatment; however, treatment of complete hepatic vein obstruction requires rich interventional experience.