The most effective treatment option for glioblastoma is a combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Surgery is recommended to remove the tumor safely and to the maximum extent while preserving the patient’s neurological function. Radiotherapy can kill or inhibit residual tumor cells and prolong the survival time of patients. Radiotherapy advocates the application of local external brain radiotherapy, and some new radiotherapy techniques (such as conformal and intensity-modulated radiotherapy) have improved the effectiveness of external radiotherapy and reduced the side effects of radiotherapy for patients. Temozolomide administered concurrently with radiotherapy after surgery and applied for 6 additional courses after radiotherapy has become the standard treatment regimen for newly diagnosed glioblastoma, significantly improving progression-free survival and survival time of patients. Endogenous MGMT methylation level, isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation status and chromosome 1p/19q heterozygous deletion can be used as predictors of radiotherapy sensitivity and good prognosis for glioblastoma and oligodendroglioma, respectively.