Thyroid nodules are a common thyroid disorder. With the accumulated experience of physicians and advances in examination techniques, the clinical detection rate of thyroid nodules has increased significantly. The literature reports that the clinical palpation detection rate of thyroid nodules is 4% to 7%, while the application of high-resolution ultrasonography results in a detection rate of up to 67%. Thyroid nodules are commonly found in women, middle-aged and elderly people, residents of iodine-deficient areas, and people with a history of thyroid radiation exposure. The incidence of thyroid nodules is also gradually increasing in China, and for this reason, we should actively take reasonable treatment measures that incorporate the needs of patients. In order to achieve the best treatment for them. At present, the treatment measures for thyroid nodules at home and abroad include: surgical resection, endoscopic resection, PEI (percutaneous anhydrous ethanol injection), thermal ablation therapy (including laser ablation, radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, etc.), 131I radiotherapy, iodine suppressive therapy, and regular follow-up observation, etc. (I) Surgical resection Surgical resection of thyroid nodules is still the mainstream concept, but there are complications such as postoperative surgical scars affecting aesthetics and possible hypoparathyroidism and laryngeal nerve injury; some patients also need to face lifelong thyroid hormone administration after total thyroidectomy. (ii) Endoscopic resection Endoscopic thyroidectomy overcomes the postoperative scarring of the exposed parts of the neck, and the cosmetic effect is highly desirable, with obvious “psychological minimally invasive” effect, but the size of the physiological trauma caused by it is still controversial. Some scholars believe that endoscopic surgery does not conform to physiological minimally invasive and may bring surgical risks such as residual nodules and laryngeal recurrent nerve injury, and the scope of indications needs to be controlled. In addition, because of the need for intraoperative C02 pneumoperitoneum, there is the possibility of hypercapnia and subcutaneous emphysema, and there are problems such as longer operation time, incision far from the target, and blunt stripping under the broad neck muscle. (iii) Percutaneous anhydrous ethanol injection PEI is performed under ultrasound guidance, and its mechanism of action is to cause coagulative necrosis of nodules and thrombosis of small vessels with good efficacy, but the method has certain defects, such as the penetration of ethanol into the tissues around the nodules can cause severe pain, tissue fibrosis causes difficulties for later surgery, most nodules may require repeated treatment, and for some large substantial nodules Therefore, it limits the further application in clinical practice. (The main representatives of local ablation techniques include microwave ablation (MWA), radio frequency ablation (RFA), laser ablation (LA), etc. After more than 20 years of rapid development, the combination of imaging technology and thermal ablation technology has provided an original method for tumor treatment. After more than two decades of rapid development, the combination of imaging technology and thermal ablation technology has provided a new method of in situ inactivation for tumor treatment. A large number of reports in the literature have shown the encouraging efficacy and application prospects of this minimally invasive treatment technique. Thermal ablation has been widely used in various clinical disciplines, such as treatment of benign and malignant tumors in liver, brain, lung, kidney, pancreas, breast, uterus, prostate and other tissues, but for the ablation of superficial organs such as thyroid gland, it started relatively late. Many studies have confirmed that the use of ablation to treat superficial organs such as thyroid gland has incomparable advantages, such as accurate localization, relatively accurate determination of the extent of tissue coagulation and necrosis, precise postoperative efficacy, easy operation, light tissue damage, fast recovery, few complications and repeatable treatment. Compared with RFA, percutaneous MWA treatment for thyroid nodules (MWA) has a wider range of single-needle ablation, higher immediate ablation temperature, and more regular ablation pattern, and can reduce the probability of incomplete treatment of large tumors and recurrence rate after ablation. Microwave ablation is also suitable for patients with pacemakers because, unlike radiofrequency ablation, it does not produce electrical currents that may cause pacemaker dysfunction. The introduction of MWA technology into the treatment of thyroid disease, especially for large or suspected malignant thyroid nodules, will have broad application prospects and will bring a new revolution in the treatment of thyroid disease. (E) Other treatment methods 1. 131I radiotherapy Radioactive iodine therapy can be used for autonomous functional thyroid nodules, about 75% of patients achieve normal thyroid function after treatment by nuclear scan and TSH measurement, but the nodules will not disappear and are in a non-functional state, and dynamic observation of nodule changes is still needed. Thyroxine suppression therapy is controversial in terms of its effect on shrinking thyroid nodules and preventing new nodules, but it is still commonly used in clinical practice, especially in iodine deficient areas.