Primary liver cancer is one of the major diseases that seriously endanger human life and health. It ranks 6th in the incidence of malignant tumors worldwide; the annual number of new HCC cases worldwide is 626,000, and the number of deaths due to HCC is up to 598,000, while about 50% of new HCC cases occur in China. Surgical resection and liver transplantation are considered as possible cures for HCC, but only about 15% of patients can ultimately benefit. In the past decade, the application of local minimally invasive methods for the treatment of liver malignancies has developed rapidly; radiofrequency therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic artery chemoembolization and selective portal vein embolization are widely used as the main minimally invasive means for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. The safety and efficacy of TACE and RFA in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma have been widely recognized. Since Goldstain first reported TACE for the treatment of liver malignancies in 1976, TACE has been carried out worldwide and further developed; Bruix study found that TACE can achieve 10%-20% complete tumor necrosis rate. At present, TACE has become the standard option of choice for patients with non-surgical resection of liver malignant tumors due to its exact efficacy; the role of RFA in minimally invasive treatment of liver cancer is obvious to all. The efficacy of RFA as a local minimally invasive treatment for liver cancer below 3 cm in diameter is equivalent to surgical resection, and the treatment of large liver cancer is being actively explored. However, its efficacy is closely related to the anatomical location of tumor and tumor blood circulation; Goldberg et al. showed that heat dissipation due to tumor blood perfusion is the main factor affecting the effect of RFA. Theoretically, RFA can make all isolated liver tumors achieve complete necrosis, but in reality, there are still about 40% of lesions with tumor recurrence, which is related to tumor blood flow, therefore, how to block and reduce tumor blood flow has become a hot spot of research. The most common clinical method of vascular embolization is chemoembolization via hepatic artery catheter, followed by radiofrequency ablation therapy. On this basis, Buscarini used RFA combined with TACE to treat hepatocellular carcinoma, and achieved good results by reducing the tumor blood flow to increase the destructive range of RFA and enhancing the toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs on the tumor by high heat. Solbiati et al. used RFA combined with TACE to treat 3.8-5.2 cm hepatocellular carcinoma, and the rate of complete tumor necrosis reached 91.7% after blocking the tumor blood supply and performing one to three times of radiofrequency ablation treatment. Nevertheless, after RFA combined with TACE, there are still about 20% of patients with intrahepatic recurrent metastasis, which may be related to the blood supply system of hepatocellular carcinoma. Domestic and foreign studies have shown that hepatocellular carcinoma grows rapidly and is mainly arterial blood supply, with 90% coming from hepatic artery and the rest from portal vein. The invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma are mainly through the portal vein, and even in the early stage, hepatocellular carcinoma can invade the portal vein and form cancer thrombus, while direct infiltration of the hepatic vein rarely occurs, which explains that clinically, patients with small single lesions of hepatocellular carcinoma still have a certain percentage of recurrence after complete ablation of TACE combined with RFA. Therefore, super-selective embolization of the portal vein system of hepatocellular carcinoma has a certain effect on the prevention and treatment of recurrence and metastasis. Because of the dual blood supply of hepatocellular carcinoma, neither TACE nor SPVE can completely block the blood supply of the tumor, and without complete necrosis of the tumor tissue, local ischemia and hypoxia can stimulate the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor, which can promote the formation of neovascularization and reduce the effect of embolization chemotherapy. Therefore, TACE combined with SPVE, i.e. simultaneous embolization of the hepatic artery and portal vein, can theoretically deprive the tumor of blood supply and reduce the risk of recurrence and metastasis. At present, SPVE is widely used in the preoperative treatment of patients with too little “futureliverremnant” (FLR), by embolizing the portal vein of the affected liver until it atrophies, thus causing compensatory hyperplasia of the contralateral liver lobe and increasing the postoperative FLR, so that patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma can have a chance of surgical resection. opportunity for surgical resection. However, the use of SPVE combined with RFA as a minimally invasive treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma has not been reported; domestic studies have found that SPVE has better efficacy for primary hepatocellular carcinoma combined with portal vein thrombosis by embolizing tumor vessels and infusing chemotherapeutic drugs into the tumor; in addition, portal vein chemotherapy also has a certain effect on preventing recurrence of intrahepatic tumors. In summary, the application of TACE, SPVE or TACE alone has limitations in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, but from their respective characteristics, we can also find that their effects can actually complement each other. On the other hand, because all blood vessels of the tumor are cut off, thus also reducing the risk of tumor metastasis and helping to improve the medium and long-term efficacy of liver cancer treatment. According to our literature, there are few reports on RFA+TACE+SPVE as a minimally invasive treatment modality for liver cancer, which is the direction to be explored in this project. Through complete embolization of hepatocellular carcinoma vessels (TACE+SPVE) and then combined with RFA treatment, the primary foci are completely destroyed to improve the complete necrosis rate of tumor and prolong patient survival, thus better guiding the clinical application.