Thyroid-related ophthalmology guidelines: (1) Observation: Patients with mild thyroid-related ophthalmology, not of long duration, with unrestricted eye movements and normal visual function, are non-infiltrative ophthalmology. Most of these patients in China are under observation and generally do not require treatment. If there is eye discomfort, eye drops can be ordered. If the patient has unstable hyperthyroidism index, he/she needs to ask an internist to control the hyperthyroidism. After the thyroid function is normal, some patients’ ocular signs and symptoms may be relieved or disappear. During the observation process, some patients’ eye symptoms and signs may be stable for a longer period of time; some patients’ eye symptoms and signs improve or heal spontaneously; a few patients’ eye symptoms and signs may worsen and deteriorate. (2) Drug or radiation therapy: Patients with congested and edematous eyelids and conjunctiva and restricted protruding eye activities are infiltrative ophthalmopathy, and patients with less than 1 year of disease. These patients are first treated with glucocorticoids or immunosuppressants, and some patients can receive better results. Patients who do not have good results should be treated with local radiation therapy to the orbit. In general, surgical treatment is not used, and drug and local radiation are the main treatments. (3) Surgery plus glucocorticoid therapy: Patients with exposure keratitis, corneal ulcers and pus accumulation in the anterior chamber, as well as patients with rapid vision loss due to compressive optic neuropathy, should be treated aggressively and urgently. Corneal ulcers cannot be treated with glucocorticoids, and glucocorticoid therapy for compressive optic neuropathy is slow to show results. Orbital decompression is mostly used in such cases. Patients with corneal ulcers should be decompressed as much as possible to retract the eye and allow the eyelid to close; if it cannot be closed, a lid margin suture is performed. Patients with pressure optic neuropathy should have orbital decompression as close to the orbital apex as possible, and glucocorticoids should be given systemically at the same time in cases with significant edema. If the corneal ulcer is already covered by the eyelid, glucocorticoids will not aggravate the corneal ulcer, but will reduce scar formation as the ulcer heals. Many cases of corneal ulcers have regained some vision after treatment with decompression plus hormones. Patients with pressure optic neuropathy treated with orbital decompression plus hormone therapy have fast decreasing optic nerve edema and fast recovery of vision. (4) Surgery: In patients with chronic thyroid-related ophthalmopathy, the ocular lesions are mainly fibrous hyperplasia, the lesions are relatively stable, and medication and radiation therapy basically do not work. At this time, surgery should be the main treatment, mainly including eyelid and extraocular muscle correction and orbital decompression surgery.