Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, also known as Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO), is an autoimmune disease associated with thyroid disease that involves the orbital tissues. In addition to TAO in patients with Graves’ disease, TAO can also occur in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism with normal thyroid function, and more rarely in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. TAO is often classified into two types: the first type is Graves’ ophthalmopathy with abnormal thyroid function, which is more common in young and middle-aged women and develops in both eyes; the other type is ocular Graves’ disease with only ocular signs and normal thyroid function, which is more common in middle-aged men and develops unilaterally or sequentially in both eyes. The clinical manifestations of TAO are complex and varied, including protruding eyeballs, receding eyelids, conjunctival edema, eye movement disorders, diplopia, optic nerve compression and other symptoms. It not only destroys patients’ appearance and affects their mental health, but also seriously affects their quality of life and causes them to suffer physically and mentally. Risk factors 1, gender: the same as GO, the incidence of TAO is higher in women than in men, but ocular Graves’ disease is more common in men, and the severity of TAO in men is higher, probably related to smoking. 2, race: There are racial differences in the incidence of TAO, showing that Europeans are more likely to have TAO than Asians, with a prevalence of 42%:7.7%. In addition to differences in smoking habits, differences in normative ocular prominence data may lead to a tendency to over-evaluate ocular prominence in patients with TAO of non-Asian ethnicity. 3, Genetics: As with other autoimmune diseases, genetic factors are a risk factor for the development of TAO. 4, Environmental: Smoking has been determined to be strongly associated with the development of TAO. In a series of case-control studies, the number of patients who smoked was found to be positively associated with the incidence of diplopia and ocular proptosis.