The principle of TSH suppression therapy is to suppress the serum TSH level to the low limit of normal or even below the low limit by applying L-T4 in order to reduce the size of thyroid nodules by inhibiting the pro-growth effect of TSH on thyroid cells. In iodine-deficient areas, TSH suppression therapy may help to shrink nodules, prevent new nodules, and reduce the size of nodular goiter; in non-iodine-deficient areas, TSH suppression therapy may also shrink nodules, but its long-term efficacy is uncertain, and nodule regrowth may occur after discontinuation of the therapy. L) has similar efficacy in reducing nodule volume compared to the TSH complete suppression regimen (TSH control <0.1 mU/L). As for side effects, long-term TSH suppression can lead to subclinical hyperthyroidism (reduced TSH with normal FT3 and FT4), which can cause discomfort and some adverse effects (e.g., increased heart rate, atrial fibrillation, enlarged left ventricle, increased myocardial contractility, impaired diastolic function) and reduced bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. On balance, the routine use of TSH suppression therapy for benign thyroid nodules is not recommended; it may be considered in younger patients with small nodular goiters; if used, the goal is partial TSH suppression. 131I is primarily used to treat benign thyroid nodules with autonomic uptake and concomitant hyperthyroidism. For nodules with autonomic uptake but without hyperthyroidism, 131I may be a treatment option. 131I is not recommended for thyroid nodules with symptoms of compression or those located behind the sternum. Being pregnant or lactating is an absolute contraindication to 131I treatment. In terms of efficacy, nodules with autonomic function can gradually shrink and thyroid volume can be reduced by 40% on average after 2-3 months of 131I treatment; in cases with hyperthyroidism, symptoms, signs and related complications of hyperthyroidism can gradually improve while nodules shrink, and thyroid function indicators can gradually return to normal. If the hyperthyroidism does not resolve and the nodules do not shrink after 4-6 months of 131I treatment, the patient's clinical manifestations, relevant laboratory tests and results of thyroid nuclear imaging should be taken into consideration for re-treatment with 131I or other treatment methods. Therefore, it is recommended that thyroid function be tested at least once a year after treatment, and that L-T4 replacement therapy be given promptly if hypothyroidism is detected during monitoring. Other non-surgical methods for treating benign thyroid nodules include: ultrasound-guided percutaneous ethanolinjection (PEI), percutaneouslaserablation (PLA) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA). ablation (RFA), etc. Among them, PEI is effective for benign thyroid cysts and thyroid nodules containing large amounts of fluid, but not for single substantial nodules or multinodular goiters. Before treatment with these methods, the possibility of malignant nodules must be excluded.