Cervical cancer is a condition in which the cells of the cervical epithelium keep dividing abnormally, causing abnormal proliferation of epithelial tissues and progressive carcinogenesis. Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor that occurs from the cervical epithelium and glandular epithelium. Squamous cell carcinoma, or squamous carcinoma, is the main type of cervical cancer that occurs from the overlying epithelium, while adenocarcinoma occurs from the glandular epithelium. The main causative factor is infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Basic symptoms of cervical cancer 1. Vaginal bleeding Early cervical cancer is confined to the cervix and early symptoms are bleeding after sexual intercourse or irregular menstruation or vaginal bleeding after menopause. At this time, gynecological examination will reveal that the surface of the cervix is smooth or erosion-like, hard and bleeding easily when touched. In advanced stage of cervical cancer, the bleeding may increase and even cause fatal hemorrhage due to erosion of larger blood vessels. The tumor may be cauliflower-like, nodular or ulcerated locally, or cavity-like when the tumor is necrotic and detached. 2.Vaginal discharge Early stage patients have increased leucorrhea. In the late stage, due to the breakage of cancer tissue, tissue necrosis and secondary infection, a large amount of purulent or rice-soup-like foul-smelling leucorrhea is discharged. 3.Secondary symptoms may occur according to the extent of lesion invasion. When the lesion spreads to pelvic connective tissue, pelvic wall, compressing ureter or rectum, sciatic nerve, patients often complain of frequent urination, urgent urination, anal swelling, constipation, shortness of breath, swelling and pain of lower limbs, etc. In serious cases, it leads to ureteral obstruction, hydronephrosis and finally uremia. At the end of the disease, patients may suffer from emaciation, anemia, fever and general failure. Cervical cancer examination methods 1.Vaginal cytology examination Vaginal cytology examination is a very valuable method to detect early cervical cancer. Cervical scraping is routinely used, and cervical ultrathin cytology (TCT) and human papillomavirus testing (HPV-DNA) can be done for patients who have the conditions. Colposcopy, which is usually magnified 10 to 40 times, can improve the diagnostic accuracy of vaginal cytology and biopsy by observing the epithelium and blood vessels on the surface of the cervix. It can also avoid abusive cervical biopsy and unnecessary conization. 3.Cervical biopsy Histopathological examination is the most reliable basis to diagnose cervical cancer. Biopsy should be performed when vaginal cytology or colposcopy is suspicious or positive, when clinical manifestations are suspicious of cervical cancer or when other diseases of the cervix cannot be easily distinguished from cervical cancer. The methods of biopsy include four-point routine biopsy of suspicious areas or areas diagnosed as cancer; multi-point biopsy of iodine uncolored area plus cervical canal scraping and colposcopic biopsy, etc. 4.Conical cervical excision examination For those who have repeatedly positive vaginal cytology but negative colposcopy or biopsy; those who have multi-point biopsy of the cervix confirmed as carcinoma in situ but cannot exclude invasive carcinoma, cervical conization should be considered before treatment and serial sections should be made to further clarify the diagnosis.