I. Primary liver cancer Primary liver cancer refers to malignant tumors originating from liver parenchymal cells or bile duct cells, which is a common cancer in China. The etiology of primary liver cancer is still unclear. Both laboratory and epidemiological studies have focused on viral hepatitis, aflatoxin, chemical carcinogens, drinking water and environment. Clinical symptoms and signs (1) Clinical symptoms The clinical manifestations of primary hepatocellular carcinoma are not obvious in the early stage, but can be diversified in the late stage. The main symptoms include pain in liver area, abdominal distension, weakness, emaciation, poor appetite and progressive hepatomegaly or epigastric mass, etc. Some patients have fever, jaundice, diarrhea and gastrointestinal bleeding as prominent symptoms; some patients have no obvious symptoms or only symptoms of metastases. (2) Physical signs ① Hepatomegaly: often asymmetric, with common liver tenderness and percussion pain in the liver area. ② Splenomegaly: secondary to pre-existing cirrhosis. If the spleen increases in size within a short period of time, the possibility of portal vein or hepatic vein cancer thrombus obstruction should be alerted. ③ ascites: it can be caused by cirrhosis, cancer bleeding, cancer infiltration of peritoneum and cancer embolism of portal vein or hepatic vein. ④ Signs of chronic liver disease: Signs of cirrhosis or liver failure are prominent in patients with advanced disease, including liver palms, spider nevi, abdominal wall varices, gynecomastia, and testicular atrophy. (5) Extrahepatic metastases: the corresponding signs of each metastatic site can be produced. (3) Carcinoma syndrome Due to the abnormal metabolism of primary liver cancer patients, the various effects of cancer tissue on the body and the often combined cirrhosis, it may lead to abnormal changes in blood, endocrine and other aspects, the common symptoms include: erythrocytosis, hypercalcemia, hypoglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, etc. 2. Experimental diagnosis (1) Liver function: if abnormal, it is mostly in advanced stage or combined with severe cirrhosis, and the opportunity of surgical treatment is often lost. (2) Serum liver cancer markers: methemoglobin, alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme 3.Ultrasound diagnosis B ultrasound is the most commonly used imaging diagnostic technique for qualitative and localized diagnosis of liver cancer, and its clinical value is that it can detect occupying lesions of 1~2cm, and sometimes even detect them.