MDS, or myelodysplastic syndrome, can be divided into low-risk, intermediate, and high-risk groups, and the survival period varies according to the stage, with an overall survival period of about 1-10 years. Myelodysplastic syndrome is a difficult-to-treat disease of the hematopoietic system, which is a malignant clonal disease of stem cells, mainly showing a decrease in red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets with normal structure, and patients will have anemia, infection, and fever, etc. MDS can be divided into low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk groups according to the severity of the disease. Patients in the low-risk group have a better prognosis and can survive for about 5-10 years. Patients in the medium- and high-risk group respond more slowly to treatment and have a higher risk of disease conversion to acute leukemia, so patient survival is not ideal. In particular, some patients in the high-risk group may have a survival time of only six months to two years. Medium to high-risk patients can be cured by allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and the use of immunomodulators and demethylating drugs can also improve patient prognosis. Patients are advised to be diagnosed and treated in a timely manner, to actively cooperate with doctors’ orders, and to maintain a good attitude for maximum survival.