Patient: The patient is male, 21 years old, previously in good health. He was hospitalized three times for pneumothorax. In December 07, the left pneumothorax was first treated with thoracentesis; in February 11, the right pneumothorax was treated with closed drainage; in March 11, the right pneumothorax recurred and thoracentesis was performed. Now I feel stuffy on the right side of my chest, uneven breathing and difficulty in movement, and I am afraid that the pneumothorax will recur again. He was discharged from the hospital after three times of treatment, but the treatment was not thorough and did not treat the root cause. This led to several recurrences of pneumothorax. Nowadays, they are more and more frequent, almost every month, and I feel painful. Most of the pneumothorax attacks in adolescents are caused by pulmonary alveoli, which can be compared to a balloon formed by a non-surface weak zone. The alveoli tend to be bilateral, which is the basis for why pneumothorax tends to recur bilaterally. In addition, the poor healing of the burst alveoli is also one of the reasons for recurrence. From the perspective of pneumothorax treatment, the use of chest puncture and exhaust, closed drainage and other methods to remove the gas that has leaked into the pleural cavity to the outside of the body to restore the expansion of the lung, which is the principle of why the symptoms can be improved by the above methods. Unfortunately, however, none of these methods, including closed chest drainage, reduces the chance of recurrence because they neither reduce the number of alveoli nor prevent the formation of new alveoli and the compression of the lung after a leak. Your experience is indicative of this. So how do you reduce the chance of pneumothorax recurrence? The only reliable way is to use surgery. Surgical removal (or cauterization, ligation, etc.) of all alveoli visible to the naked eye can effectively reduce recurrence, and surgery can also be used to form pleural adhesions to close the pleural cavity, thus further reducing the chance of pneumothorax recurrence. Although this method cannot fundamentally avoid the formation of alveoli from the principle analysis, it is the most effective treatment method that can be achieved at this stage. Thoracoscopic surgery has basically replaced traditional open-heart surgery since its incomparable minimally invasive advantages. Therefore, thoracoscopic resection (or cautery, ligation, etc.) of large pulmonary alveoli and appropriate pleural adhesions at the same time is the best choice for spontaneous pneumothorax treatment.