Hepatitis: Hepatitis (scientific name: Hepatitis) is an inflammatory disease of the liver. The causes of hepatitis may vary, but in general terms, the causes of hepatitis can be divided into the following ten categories: ① Viral hepatitis: Viral hepatitis (viralhepatitis) is a group of infectious diseases caused by a variety of hepatitis viruses with liver damage as the main cause. The key words in this concept include “hepatitis virus”, “liver damage mainly”, “a group of infectious diseases”. Hepatitis viruses include five kinds of hepatitis A, B, C, D, E. In addition, many viruses, such as EBV, cytomegalovirus (CMV), hemorrhagic fever virus, etc., can also cause liver damage, but that is not viral hepatitis. Alcoholic hepatitis: Alcoholic hepatitis is a liver disease caused by long-term heavy drinking, and severe alcohol abuse can induce extensive liver cell necrosis and even liver failure. The disease is also one of the common liver diseases in China, with epidemiological survey data showing that the prevalence of alcoholic hepatitis in the adult population is 4.3%-6.5%; liver damage due to alcohol has become a problem that cannot be ignored in China. ③Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a clinicopathological syndrome characterized by excessive fat deposition in hepatocytes, except for alcohol and other clear liver-damaging factors, and is closely related to insulin resistance and genetic susceptibility to acquired metabolic stress liver injury. ④Drug hepatitis: druginducedliverdisease, referred to as drug liver, refers to liver damage caused by drugs or/and their metabolites. It can occur in healthy people with no previous history of liver disease or in patients with pre-existing serious diseases, and liver damage of varying degrees occurs after the use of a drug, all of which are called drug liver. There are at least 600 drugs that can cause drug-related liver disease, which can manifest in the same way as various human liver diseases, including hepatocyte necrosis, bile stasis, intracellular microlipid droplet deposition or chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. The incidence of this disease is gradually increasing, accounting for 2% of all hospitalized patients with jaundice and 10% to 20% of fulminant liver failure. One quarter to two thirds of chronic hepatitis is drug liver, with the elderly being the most common. ⑤ Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH): autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic inflammation of the liver caused by an autoimmune response, with liver tissue changes consistent with chronic viral hepatitis, but negative serum viral markers. Autoimmune hepatitis is a type of autoimmune liver disease. In addition to autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune liver diseases include primary biliary cirrhosis (PBS) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and overlapping syndromes between any two of these three diseases, often combined with extrahepatic immune diseases. The diagnosis is based on specific biochemical abnormalities, autoantibodies and liver tissue characteristics. With the improvement of understanding and diagnosis, the prevalence of autoimmune liver disease has been reported to be increasing year by year at home and abroad, thus receiving increasing attention and concern. (6) Infectious hepatitis: infections such as bacteria, rickettsia, leptospira, other viruses (excluding hepatitis viruses) can cause abnormal liver function, commonly EBV, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and so on; these diseases are mostly manifested as a result, and hepatitis is a manifestation of their systemic diseases. (7) Biliary hepatitis: This type of hepatitis is mainly due to bile stasis caused by various primary biliary diseases such as biliary infection, stones, polyps, etc., or poor bile drainage caused by other diseases and secondary liver inflammation. This is not the same concept as “cholestatic hepatitis”, which is also called intrahepatic cholestasis, and refers to a variety of causes of cellular secretion of bile, capillary bile ducts, cytoskeleton, Golgi apparatus and other abnormal function of the cellular organelles, resulting in reduced bile secretion, resulting in the normal amount of bile can not reach the duodenum, and the bile components ( bound bilirubin, bile acids, cholesterol, and alkaline phosphatase) to return to the blood. Clinically, it is a group of signs and symptoms with jaundice, pruritus, with increased serum conjugated bilirubin, cholesterol, bile acids, ALP, 5-nucleotidase and albumin. Common causes of cholestatic hepatitis include viral cholestatic hepatitis, drug-related cholestatic hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis. (8) Hereditary metabolic hepatitis: Hereditary metabolic hepatitis is a disorder of liver metabolism caused by genetic mutations, and such diseases can progress to cirrhosis without control. Hereditary metabolic hepatitis and its cirrhosis can be collectively referred to as hereditary metabolic liver disease. There are also many types of inherited metabolic liver diseases, including copper metabolic diseases, iron metabolic abnormalities, sugar metabolic abnormalities, lipid metabolic abnormalities, protein metabolic abnormalities and amino acid metabolic diseases, etc. The three most common inherited liver diseases in clinical medicine are Wilson’s disease (wilson’s disease, hepatomegaly), hemochromatosis and α1-antitrypsin deficiency. In recent years, with the increasing awareness of these diseases, some inherited metabolic liver diseases that were thought to be quite rare such as Citrin deficiency, citrullinemia, hereditary tyrosinemia …… etc. have also started to attract more and more attention. Parasitic hepatitis: Some parasites, such as Schistosoma haematobium or Schistosoma hepatica, reside in the portal system and their eggs are deposited in the liver with the portal blood flow, causing embolism of the small branches of the portal vein, which are larger than the diameter of the portal venous input branches of the lobules of the liver. The hepatocytes at the margins of the lobules are involved, which can also manifest clinically as hepatitis. If not effectively controlled, parasitic hepatitis can also progress to cirrhosis. ⑩ Other causes of liver damage: In addition to the nine categories of causes mentioned above, there are some causes that are not easily categorized and are collectively referred to as other causes of liver damage. For example, cardiogenic liver disease is commonly known as cardiogenic cirrhosis, but in fact, in the early stage of the disease, when such patients do not yet meet the diagnostic criteria for cirrhosis, it seems more accurate to call it cardiogenic liver disease; in addition, there is also Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) caused by obstruction of the hepatic venous outflow tract, and so on. It is clear that whenever the liver is inflamed, it is “hepatitis”. Hepatitis is never the same as “hepatitis B” or “hepatitis B”, but “hepatitis B” is only one of the dozens or even hundreds of causes of hepatitis in these ten categories. Similarly, since most hepatitis can gradually progress to “cirrhosis” without control, then cirrhosis is not the same as “hepatitis B cirrhosis”, but “hepatitis B cirrhosis” is only one of many Hepatitis B cirrhosis is just one of the many causes of cirrhosis. Know hepatitis, understand it, in order to face it.