Penile cancer is a rare malignant neoplastic disease. In Europe and the United States, its incidence is less than 1 in 100,000, while in other regions (e.g. India, Brazil and Uganda) the incidence is significantly higher and can account for 10-20% of malignant tumors in men. Globally, there are approximately 26,300 new cases of penile cancer each year. The disease is characterized by an increasing age-related incidence, with an average age of 60 for the diagnosis of the disease and a peak incidence of 70 years. The development of penile cancer is associated with a variety of factors, some of which have been identified as risk factors, such as: circumcision, poor hygiene, smoking, multiple sexual partners, and a history of genital warts or other sexually transmitted diseases. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection plays an important role in the development of penile cancer. In many case studies, HPV DNA was detectable in 70-100% of intraepithelial papillomas and 40-50% of invasive penile cancers. HPV infection and determination of inguinal lymph node metastasis in penile cancer and its prognosis: lymph node metastasis in penile cancer is common in inguinal lymph node metastasis, however, it is inaccurate to determine the presence of inguinal lymph node metastasis from clinical presentation alone. However, it is inaccurate to judge the presence of inguinal lymph node metastasis by clinical presentation alone, because about 20% of patients have no clinical manifestation of lymph nodes, but negative metastasis already exists. Alternatively, 50% of patients present clinically with inguinal lymph node metastases, only to have post-resection pathology fail to confirm metastases. Many studies are currently trying to discover prognostic indicators that can determine the presence or absence of lymph node metastases. Factors that are known to have significant predictive value include the histopathologic grading of the lesion, the depth of tumor invasion, and the presence or absence of lymphatic vessels and vascular thrombi. However, studies on HPV infection and inguinal lymph node metastasis in penile cancer and disease survival are scarce: Artur L. R. Bezerra et al. studied the relationship between patient prognosis and HPV in 82 patients who underwent penectomy and bilateral lymph node dissection for penile cancer and found that the HPV-positive group had fewer lymphatic vessel emboli compared with the HPV-negative group (P 5 0.007). However, logistic regression analysis revealed that only the occurrence of lymphatic node thrombosis was associated with the infection status of HPV. The occurrence of lymph node metastases and the 10-year survival of patients were not statistically significant between the HPV-positive and HPV-negative groups. A small sample of studies retrospectively analyzing data from 29 patients with penile cancer also found no correlation between HPV DNA status and KaplanCMeir survival. However, a recent study obtained the opposite result to the above study, where Lont studied the survival outcome of 176 patients with penile phosphor carcinoma with a mean follow-up of 95 months. A multifactorial logistic regression analysis found that the only factor related to HPV infection status was sclerotic growth, with fewer tumors in the HPV-positive group showing sclerotic growth. 5-year disease-specific survival was 92% in the HPV-positive group and only 78% in the HPV-negative group. (log rank test p = 0.03), in a multifactorial analysis, HPV infection status was an independent prognostic factor for disease-specific mortality (p = 0.01) with a hazard ratio of 0.14 (95% CI:0.03C0.63).HPV DNA-positive patients had a greater survival advantage.