When liver disease from various causes becomes life-threatening in advanced stages, surgical procedures are used to remove the diseased liver, which has lost its function, and then implant a healthy liver with vitality to save the life of the endangered patient. Currently, in situ liver transplantation has become the most effective treatment for end-stage liver disease. A significant number of patients with cirrhosis require liver transplantation to save their lives. As liver transplantation has not been carried out on a large scale for a long time in China, people have a fear of liver transplantation, and many patients have no choice but to have liver transplantation only when their lives are unsustainable. By then, the best time for liver transplantation has been missed, the risk of surgery is huge and the cost increases exponentially. The most important question for patients with end-stage liver disease before they are ready to receive a liver transplant is how long will they live? This question cannot be answered in general. In western developed countries, the survival rate is >90% one year after liver transplantation, and the 5-year survival rate is 70-85%, which means that most of the patients can survive for a long time and the longest survival after liver transplantation is more than 30 years. In recent years, this work has been carried out in some major medical centers in China and has gradually become a routine clinical treatment. However, the survival period of patients with different conditions after liver transplantation varies greatly, the operation itself and postoperative treatment costs are high, and there is a serious shortage of organ donors. Therefore, the indications for surgery should be properly grasped and limited resources should be used for those patients who can be expected to achieve long-term survival with good quality of life after liver transplantation. In general, liver transplantation is suitable for the treatment of various acute liver failure, end-stage cirrhosis due to chronic liver disease, congenital metabolic diseases, abnormal liver vascular diseases and primary liver malignancies. It should be noted that liver transplantation research has reached a high level as the survival of patients after liver transplantation will be further improved with the continuous improvement of surgical techniques, preoperative and postoperative patient management, and the availability of new and more effective anti-rejection drugs and anti-hepatitis virus drugs.