The difficulty in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis lies in the recurrence of the disease and the need for repeated treatment. The senior director of our department defines chronic osteomyelitis as “a disease requiring lifelong treatment”. The treatment of chronic osteomyelitis is a systematic and comprehensive treatment. It includes preoperative control of the underlying disease, surgery, and postoperative antibiotics. 1. Preoperative control of underlying disease. As introduced earlier, chronic osteomyelitis is a wasting disease, and patients are often in poor physical and nutritional condition under the long-term course of the disease, most often reflected in reduced hemoglobin (anemia), reduced albumin, etc., which should be adjusted to an approximately normal state before surgery. In particular, patients with tuberculosis disease need to have their nutritional indicators replenished as soon as possible. Some patients with underlying diseases, most commonly diabetes mellitus, have high blood glucose that directly affects postoperative recovery and need to be adjusted to 8 mmol/L before surgery. patients with renal disease need to have their renal function adjusted to normal before surgery, and if this cannot be adjusted quickly can be treated with hemodialysis during the peri-systolic period. Patients with cardiovascular disease also need to exclude contraindications to surgery before surgery. 2. Individualized surgical treatment. Surgical treatment is the most critical treatment for chronic osteomyelitis. The removal of infected lesions in osteomyelitis (as shown in the figure), commonly known as the complete removal of necrotic bones and inactive tissues from the lesions, is a destructive surgery, and if the condition is severe and the extent of osteonecrosis is too large, bone discontinuity after removal of dead bones may occur. This situation requires the use of an external fixation frame to support the affected limb. The external fixation brace (pictured) is an extremely inconvenient form of fixation for the patient, but is the best way to avoid postoperative infection for treatment purposes. Intraoperative removal of necrotic bone results in bone discontinuity that requires secondary bone grafting (Figure). Osteograft treatment includes autologous and allogeneic bone grafting. Given that osteomyelitis is an infectious disease, we try to select autologous bone grafts with little rejection and high bone growth capacity. If there is a large amount of bone defect, bone removal treatment will be required. The two procedures mentioned above are the basic steps of osteomyelitis surgery. However, each patient’s condition is different and the treatment plan is individualized. In particular, whether bone grafting is needed, when it is needed, and what kind of fixation is used, all depend on the individual case. Therefore, it is necessary to see a doctor to treat the disease, and checking Baidu will only bring you confusion. 3.Antibiotic treatment. After surgery, long-term antibiotic treatment is required. The antibiotics are determined according to the bacterial culture of the necrotic tissue before and during surgery as well as the drug sensitivity test, in short, the most effective antibiotic treatment. Six weeks of antibiotic treatment is required abroad. We have simplified this to five weeks based on our own experience. The nutritional status of the patient is likewise supplemented during this period. The treatment of chronic osteomyelitis is impossible to explain in a single scientific article. Patients with osteomyelitis can use these articles to learn about the disease and to prepare themselves for treatment, but they should not use them to make themselves feel sick. If you have osteomyelitis or suspect that you have osteomyelitis, it is important to seek prompt medical attention. Standardized treatment can reduce the pain of your disease.