The cerebellum has long been recognized as critical for intact motor function. However, there is growing evidence that the cerebellum also plays an important role in cognitive and emotional processing. It has been shown that the motor function of the cerebellum is concentrated in the anterior region, while cognitive processes are supported by the posterior part of the cerebellum. The cerebellum has multiple interacting modular anatomical loops with motor and sensory cortices and has regions that serve higher cognitive functions, including prefrontal and parietal cortices. Recent findings suggest that cerebellar-cortical connections have an impact on neurodegenerative disorders, often manifesting as motor, cognitive and even neuropsychiatric symptoms. The etiology of cerebellar atrophy is unclear and is mostly associated with genetic factors, in addition to degeneration, ischemia and hypoxia, toxic metabolism, inflammation, and neuroparaneoplastic syndromes. The main manifestation of cerebellar atrophy is ataxia. Patients may have unstable walking, broad-shouldered gait, positive closed-eye difficulty sign, or even loss of self-care ability, which affects the quality of life of patients. The dysarthria of the cerebellum, which is characterized by chanting-like language, is caused by ataxia of the muscles of the lips, tongue and throat. Cerebellar atrophy can be seen as nystagmus, which can have coarse tremor and rebound nystagmus. Non-motor manifestations are language and cognitive dysfunction. Neuroimaging may reveal increased and widened cerebellar sulci, reduced volume of the cerebellum, and enlarged fourth ventricle. At present, there is no effective drug treatment for microcephaly, and rehabilitation exercises have certain effect. In the prevention of the disease need to pay attention to prevent the occurrence of cerebrovascular disease, diet should be light diet, reasonable mix, strengthen physical exercise, for people with a family history of the disease is to strengthen attention.