Varicocele is a common disease in men. The prevalence of varicocele is about 15% in adolescent boys or adult men, about 35% in primary infertility patients and up to 75%-81% in secondary infertility. I. What are the dangers? Varicocele can lead to decreased semen quality and infertility in men. About 35-42% of primary male infertility is caused by varicocele; in addition, varicocele can also cause scrotal swelling, pain and discomfort. Second, who needs surgery? 1. The recommended indications for surgery in adult clinical patients are as follows: (1) The following three conditions are present at the same time: (1) infertility exists; (2) spermatogenic function of the testes is decreased; (3) the female partner has normal fertility, or infertility is possible to be cured despite the presence of infertility. (2) Those who have no requirement for fertility for the time being, but the examination reveals abnormal semen quality. (3) If the symptoms associated with varicocele (such as swelling and pain in the perineum or testicles) are serious and obviously affect the quality of life, and the improvement is not obvious with conservative treatment, surgery can be considered. (4) If the varicocele is of degree II or III, and the blood testosterone level is obviously decreased, and other diseases are excluded. For patients with subclinical varicocele, surgery is generally not recommended; however, for patients with clinical varicocele on one side and subclinical varicocele on the other side, bilateral surgery is recommended when surgery is indicated. Indications for adolescent varicocele surgery: (1) Grade II or III varicocele; (2) decreased testicular spermatogenic function (see testicular function evaluation section); (3) more serious symptoms caused by varicocele; (4) varicocele in childhood and adolescence should be actively searched for any primary disease. Repair of varicocele not only improves spermatogenesis, but also improves the function of testicular interstitial cells, which can theoretically delay male aging! Third, what treatment or surgery options are available? It can be treated experimentally with drugs for a period of time, or surgery with drugs. At present, there are several surgical treatment methods: open surgery, laparoscopic surgery and microsurgery. The most important complications of spermatic vein surgery are edema of the scrotum and its contents, testicular artery damage and testicular atrophy, and persistence or recurrence of spermatic veins. Fourth, the advantages of microsurgery: microsurgery is recognized by evidence-based medicine in Europe and the United States and other countries as the best way to achieve the best results. The microscopic technique is good at accurately identifying testicular arteries, lymphatic vessels and veins of smaller diameter under the microscope. We believe that the microscopic technique has a high clinical promotion value despite the challenging requirements of the surgeon and the increased labor intensity of the surgeon. The incision is made below the external ring opening and done under a medical-surgical microscope. The procedure is usually magnified 10 times to clearly and completely preserve the testicular arteries and lymphatic vessels, and completely ligate the veins around the testicles. The main advantages are low recurrence rate, few complications (scrotal edema, syringomyelia, testicular atrophy), fast recovery of the patient after surgery, and more concealed incision (above the scrotum, within the body hair area). After the surgery, it is necessary to avoid strenuous exercise in the early stages and it is recommended to wear tight, breathable and elastic underwear to protect the scrotum. It is important to emphasize that any surgery is associated with trauma and complications, and microsurgery is no exception!