The untimely death of the famous Hong Kong movie star Anita Mui due to cervical cancer has once again sounded the alarm to the world to prevent the development of cancer. The so-called cervical cancer is a malignant tumor that occurs in the vaginal part of the uterus and the cervical canal. It is one of the most serious diseases threatening women’s health. The current incidence trend is higher in rural areas than in cities and in mountainous areas than in plains. After growing, cervical cancer can spread directly to adjacent tissues and organs, down to the vaginal vault and vaginal wall, up to the body of uterus, to the pelvic tissues on both sides, forward to the bladder, backward to the rectum, and even metastasize to the supraclavicular and other lymph nodes of the body as well as lung, liver and bone in the late stage. Despite years of efforts by medical oncologists, cervical cancer is still the second most prevalent tumor in women after breast cancer, and there is a trend of youthfulness. In ancient Chinese medicine, cervical cancer was also recorded in the Tang dynasty, Sun Simiao said in the “Thousand Gold Essentials” under the women’s formula: “Leakage in the collapse, red, white, green and black, rotten and unapproachable, making the face black and colorless, the skin and bones connected, menstruation out of order, the path to cold and heat, and urgent lines in the abdomen”, this description is quite similar to the middle and late stage cervical cancer. With the progress of molecular biology, human papillomavirus (HPV) was found to be the main cause of cervical cancer in the 1990s. Other factors associated with the development of the disease include a history of genital warts, multiple sexual partners, a sexual partner with penile cancer or a previous sexual partner with cervical cancer. Women who have their first sexual intercourse at the age of less than 18, have multiple births, have premature births, and smoke are also prone to cervical cancer. Clinical manifestations of cervical cancer In the early stage, there are no symptoms, and there is no obvious difference with chronic cervicitis, sometimes even smooth cervical, especially in elderly women with atrophied cervix. The main clinical symptoms of cervical cancer are as follows: 1. Increased vaginal discharge: At the early stage, due to the hyper-secretory function of cervical glands stimulated by cancer, mucus-like leucorrhea is produced, thin like watery or rice-tan-like. With the necrosis and shedding of cancer tissues and secondary infection, the leucorrhea becomes cloudy, like rice water or pus with blood, and has a special foul smell. 2.Irregular vaginal bleeding: It is manifested as a small amount of bloody leucorrhea and contact vaginal bleeding. Patients often come to the clinic because of a small amount of vaginal bleeding after sexual intercourse or defecation. Older patients often complain of irregular vaginal bleeding after menopause. Early bleeding is small, but late lesions that erode larger blood vessels may cause fatal hemorrhage. Due to long-term recurrent bleeding, patients often develop secondary anemia. 3.Pain: In advanced cervical cancer, the cancer infiltrates or compresses the pelvic nerves, especially when the closed nerve, sacral nerve, large blood vessels or pelvic wall are involved, which may cause severe pain, sometimes radiating to the lower limbs. 4.Other symptoms: Secondary symptoms may appear in advanced cervical cancer according to the extent of lesion invasion. When invading the bladder, it may cause frequent urination, painful urination or hematuria, or even vesicovaginal fistula. If the lesion invades the bladder, it may cause frequent urination, painful urination or hematuria, or even vesicovaginal fistula. If both ureters are obstructed by pressure, it may cause urinary blockage and uremia. Advanced cancer may become cachexia due to long-term consumption. Patients may suffer from emaciation, anemia, fever and general failure. Treatment of cervical cancer The formulation of treatment plan is related to the patient’s age, general condition, extent of lesions, presence of co-morbid symptoms and their nature. Therefore, before treatment, oncologists must examine the patient’s whole body, combine the results of functional examinations of organs and systems and clinical stage, and then formulate the treatment plan. The treatment of cervical cancer is mainly surgery and radiation therapy. The pathological type of cervical cancer is squamous cell carcinoma in 85-90% and adenocarcinoma in 10-15%. Especially squamous carcinoma is more sensitive to radiation therapy. The history of radiotherapy has gone through one century, and it is still one of the basic treatment methods for cervical cancer. The indications for radiotherapy are wide, and radiotherapy can be performed for all stages of cervical cancer, including external irradiation and intracavitary radiotherapy. With the rapid development of anti-cancer chemical drugs in recent years, chemotherapy, which was considered ineffective for cervical cancer in the past, has become an important and indispensable part of comprehensive treatment for cervical cancer. Especially in the advanced stage or recurrence. Early prevention and treatment of cervical cancer A lot of clinical observation shows that it takes about 10 years to develop from general cervical precancerous lesions to cervical cancer. If this period of time is well grasped, modern medical methods are fully capable of detecting cancerous lesions and taking corresponding treatment measures in time. From this perspective, cervical cancer is not terrible, it is a preventable and curable disease. The prognosis of early stage cervical cancer is very good, and after surgery or radiation therapy, the five-year survival rate of patients with stage IA cervical cancer can reach more than 95%, while the five-year survival rates of stage IB, II and III cervical cancer are 80-85%, 60-70% and 30-35% respectively. However, the five-year survival rate for cervical cancer that has progressed to advanced stage (stage IV) is only about 10%. Therefore, early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment are very important. The key to prevention and treatment is: regular gynecological examination, timely detection and treatment of cervical precancerous lesions and termination of their development to cervical cancer. It is recommended that all women over 18 years old and those who have or have had sexual intercourse should have annual Pap smear screening. If the Pap smear is normal for three consecutive years, women without high-risk factors can reduce the frequency of screening, for example, once every 2-3 years; if there are high-risk factors, annual Pap smear is still required. Those with atypical cervical hyperplasia detected during screening need to be followed up once a year. Precancerous cervical lesions include atypical hyperplasia and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Statistics show that more than 12% of CIN patients will develop invasive cervical cancer after 20 years without early therapeutic intervention. In addition, a vaccine for human papillomavirus HPV type 16 has been successfully developed in the United States, and for adolescent women, early use of the vaccine to prevent HPV infection has become a current active exploration. Therefore, medical experts predict that the new century has seen the dawn of mankind in the journey to prevent the development of cervical cancer.