Precocious puberty is a manifestation of abnormal puberty development, characterized by the premature appearance and maturation of sexual characteristics, accompanied by a sudden increase in the development, maturation and growth of the reproductive organs. It is generally considered that precocious puberty is diagnosed when sexual characteristics appear before the age of 8 years in girls and 10 years in boys, and when menstruation appears before the age of 10 years in girls. The incidence of this disease has increased significantly in recent years, and it has become one of the most common pediatric endocrine diseases. True precocious puberty: it is caused by early activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, also called central precocious puberty, whose mechanism of occurrence is the same as normal, with early maturation of internal and external genitalia, accompanied by accelerated growth of height and weight, early skeletal closure, early growth stop, and eventually short stature. Pseudo-precocious puberty: the development of secondary sexual characteristics occurs before the development of ovaries, i.e., breast development, pubic hair and axillary hair growth, but fertility does not advance, or anovulatory menstruation, not accompanied by accelerated growth and maturation of bone age. Etiology: Central (true) precocious puberty: mostly caused by skull base fracture, severe birth injury, hypothalamic tumor, nodal brain, sequelae of measles encephalitis, etc. Pseudo-precocious puberty: mostly caused by adrenal cortical hyperplasia, tumors, functional gonadal tumors, embryonal tumors, misuse of birth control pills, misuse of food, nutrients and cosmetics containing sex hormones, etc. Precocious puberty in children can cause both psycho-behavioral and physical developmental hazards in children. Children may have low self-esteem, fear and anxiety because they are different from their surrounding partners in terms of body shape and appearance. The early onset of menstruation and the inability to take care of themselves and their intellectual and psychosexual immaturity may lead to mental stress, which may affect their normal life and study and even cause social problems. On the other hand, the early appearance of sexual characteristics is accompanied by accelerated skeletal growth, but the bones close early, so the height of adults is often less than 154cm. Treatment: Most precocious puberty can be cured, but early detection and timely treatment is crucial. For patients with tumors, early diagnosis and surgery are required; hypothyroidism is treated with thyroxine. Patients with idiopathic precocious puberty can be treated with GNRH analogs under the guidance of a physician, which can cause the child’s breasts to recede, inhibit bone growth, and eventually increase height, or with methandrostenolone. In conclusion, no matter which drug is used, it must be applied under the guidance of a medical professional. For pseudo-precocious puberty, it is necessary to avoid contact with and application of food and drugs containing sex hormones, and to strengthen psychological guidance for the affected children to eliminate their mental stress.