Small renal cysts are mostly suggestive of simple renal cysts, which are relatively common benign lesions of the kidney, the etiology of which is not fully understood. Renal cysts are mostly spherical or ovoid in shape and contain yellowish clear fluid or brownish fluid. Small cysts can generally be left untreated, but regular ultrasound examinations are needed to understand the changes of the cysts. If the kidney cyst increases and the diameter exceeds 4cm, it can cause the kidney to change its shape and compress the tissues around the kidney, and in serious cases, it can cause ureteral obstruction and infection, so timely treatment is needed. Some kidney cysts suspected to have malignant changes also need timely treatment. The purpose of kidney cyst surgery is to release the compression of the cyst on the kidney parenchyma, reduce or eliminate the patient’s symptoms, improve the patient’s quality of life and delay the process of kidney function damage. If drug treatment for renal cyst is ineffective, surgical treatment is needed. There are many surgical methods, including open surgery cyst decompression, renal cyst puncture and aspiration with sclerotherapy injection, and laparoscopic renal cyst decompression and decompression.