Gallstone disease in China has been on the rise in recent decades, and the relative incidence of gallbladder stones has accounted for 70% to 80% of gallstone disease. However, 20% to 40% of patients with gallbladder stones can be asymptomatic for life. The question of whether prophylactic cholecystectomy should be performed in these clinically asymptomatic gallbladder stone patients has always been a problem. Gallbladder stones may become gallbladder cancer. With the advancement of modern imaging, this issue is of particular concern. Because asymptomatic gallbladder stones present a benign natural course and routine autopsy data show that about half of all gallbladder stone patients are asymptomatic during life, there are many advocates for not performing prophylactic cholecystectomy. However, other studies have shown that there is a close relationship between gallbladder cancer and the occurrence of gallbladder stones. It is believed that gallbladder stones are a precancerous lesion of gallbladder cancer, and 70% to 80% of gallbladder cancers are associated with stones. It has been pointed out that the risk of gallbladder cancer for patients with gallbladder stones is 6-15 times higher than that for those without stones, and there is also a close relationship between the size of stones and the incidence of gallbladder cancer. Forty percent of gallbladder cancer patients have stones larger than 3 cm, while 12% have stones smaller than 1 cm, and the risk of gallbladder cancer is 10 times higher for those with a diameter of more than 3 cm than for those with a diameter of less than 1 cm. Long-term gallbladder stones often cause gallbladder atrophy and calcification, and among patients with calcified gallbladder or porcelain-like gallbladder, 20% to 60% of them have gallbladder cancer. Recent studies also show that the incidence of gallstone disease in the elderly in China is 8% to 10%, and the incidence increases with age, and the incidence of gallbladder stones in the elderly over 80% can reach 23%. The incidence of acute cholecystitis is significantly higher in diabetic patients with gallbladder stones, ranging from 13% to 16%, and the mortality rate will increase fivefold once complications occur. Most gallbladder stones in children are associated with certain susceptibility factors, such as hereditary spherocytosis, which not only results in hemolytic anemia but also gallstone disease, the incidence of which increases with age. Its incidence increases with age. 50% of its patients over 20 years of age have gallstone complications. In summary, although asymptomatic gallbladder stones do not cause significant discomfort, they are not harmless, but it is difficult to make an early diagnosis of the risk. Once obvious discomfort occurs, it is often life-threatening, so some people advocate preventive cholecystectomy. Because the benefits of removing a potentially cancerous gallbladder are supposedly greater than the risks of surgery. It has also been argued that gallbladder removal is not only due to the presence of stones in the gallbladder, but that a gallbladder with stones is also a site of complications of gallbladder cancer. Since 1882, when total cholecystectomy was first performed, cesarean cholecystectomy has been the only standard procedure for the treatment of gallbladder stones. Nowadays, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is widely performed at home and abroad, which has the advantages of less trauma, less pain, faster recovery, safety, and fewer complications, and has the potential to replace the traditional cholecystectomy.