Gallbladder stones are diseases caused by stones occurring in the gallbladder and are a common disease; the incidence increases with age and is significantly higher in women than in men; with the improvement of living standards, dietary habits and hygiene, gallstone disease in China has gradually changed from mainly bile pigment stones in the bile ducts to mainly cholesterol stones in the gallbladder. In the United States, the prevalence of gallbladder stones is 10-15%, with about 1,000,000 newly diagnosed gallstones per year and about 700,000 gallbladder resections per year, at a direct medical cost of $5.8 billion/year. No epidemiological data are available for China. Causes The causes of gallstones are complex, some are irrevocable, such as progressive age, female, race, genes and family history; others are acquired and partially reversible, such as pregnancy, obesity, low fiber, high calorie diet structure, prolonged fasting, certain medications such as ceftriaxone, lipid-lowering drugs, oral contraceptives, rapid weight loss (>1.5 kg/wk), metabolic syndrome, specific diseases, etc. metabolic syndrome, specific diseases, etc. Irreversible factors: 1. Age of onset The incidence of gallbladder stones increases with age. If the onset occurs in childhood, it is mostly associated with hemolysis or congenital biliary disease. The peak age of onset is between 40 and 50 years old. 2, the incidence of gender differences ultrasound diagnostic study results in the ratio of male to female incidence of about 1:2, women’s gallbladder stones are more frequent cholesterol stones, the high incidence of cholesterol stones in women may be related to estrogen can increase the secretion of cholesterol in the bile, reduce the amount and activity of total bile acids, and luteinizing hormone affect the contraction of the gallbladder, resulting in bile stasis. 3.Pathogenesis and genes, family history There are significant differences in the development of gallbladder stones between races, suggesting that genetic factors are one of the pathogenesis of gallstone disease. 4. Reversible factors (1) The relationship between morbidity and pregnancy Pregnancy can promote the formation of gallbladder stones, and the number of pregnancies is positively correlated with the incidence of gallbladder stones. The increase in estrogen during pregnancy causes changes in the composition of bile, which can increase the saturation of cholesterol in bile; and the slow emptying of gallbladder during pregnancy; the weight change and diet structure during pregnancy and postpartum also affect the composition of bile, which changes the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and promotes the formation of cholesterol crystals. (2) The relationship between morbidity and obesity Clinical and epidemiological studies have shown that obesity is an important risk factor for the development of gallbladder cholesterol stones, and the morbidity rate of obese people is three times that of normal weight people. （The incidence of gallbladder stones is significantly higher in people who eat low-fiber, high-calorie foods. This is because such foods increase the cholesterol saturation of bile. With the improvement of living standard in China, gallbladder stone incidence has accounted for the main position of gallstone disease, and mainly cholesterol stones. 5, other factors Certain drugs can lead to the formation of gallbladder stones, but if the drug is used for a short time, the stones can disappear; rapid weight loss (>1.5kg/wk), such as unreasonable weight loss methods, can lead to the formation of gallbladder stones; metabolic syndrome, such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia patients, the incidence of gallbladder stones is increased; there are also some special diseases, such as parathyroid disease caused by calcium The incidence of gallbladder stones can be increased in patients with metabolic syndromes such as diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. Gallbladder stones can be classified according to their chemical composition as cholesterol stones, bile pigment stones and mixed stones. Most patients with gallbladder stones have mixed stones, mainly cholesterol stones. The specific causes of gallbladder stones are not yet fully understood, but are currently considered to be closely related to lipid metabolism, cholesterol supersaturation, abnormal nucleation processes, abnormal gallbladder function, bacteria, and genetic fragments.