Thoracoplasty is commonly used for chronic pyothorax. Chest wall collapse can be caused by untimely treatment or inappropriate management of acute pyothorax, retention of foreign bodies in the chest cavity, failure to cure the primary disease causing the pyothorax, or idiopathic infection. Pyothorax, especially chronic pyothorax, is a wasting disease, so supportive treatment should be highly emphasized. What are the points to pay attention to in the prevention of chest wall collapse? 1.Dietary prevention: giving high energy diet, replacing lost protein, maintaining water, electrolyte, acid-base balance, small amount of intermittent blood or plasma transfusion is very important in the treatment. 2, drug prevention: should actively use bronchial antispasmodic drugs, in order to facilitate expectoration, as well as traditional Chinese medicine treatment. Chest X-ray shows thickening of the pleura on the affected side, narrowing of the intercostal space, the mediastinum shifts to the affected side, the thoracic cavity becomes smaller, such as metal foreign body or calcification can be clearly shown, if there is gas-liquid planes, then there is a bronchopleural fistula or esophageal fistula, the pus cavity is small or only the existence of sinus tracts can be injected with iodized oil after the photo of the front side of the film, in order to show the scope of the pus cavity and the existence of a bronchopleural fistula; or swallowed by the mouth with iodized oil to observe the fluoroscopy of the contrast into the thorax, can confirm the existence of the esophagus, can be used for the treatment of bronchial spasm. The presence or absence of esophageal fistula can be confirmed, as well as the location and size of the fistula. If there is a suspicion of bronchial dilatation, bronchography should be performed. With the continuous development of medical and health care and the wide application of antibiotics, the incidence of pyothorax and the occurrence of pyothorax complications have been significantly reduced, but the diagnosis and treatment of pyothorax caused by some complex or special drug-resistant bacterial infections, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric and elderly patients with pyothorax are still difficult and the course of the disease is longer, which causes long-term pain to the patients, affects the labor force, and even causes death.