Common diseases in thoracic surgery include: (1) lung diseases: lung cancer (lung squamous cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, lung metastatic tumor, etc.); benign lung masses (pulmonary smooth muscle tumor, pulmonary tuberculosis ball, malignant pseudotumor, lipoma, hemangioma, etc.); pneumothorax; pulmonary alveoli; chronic obstructive pulmonary emphysema (requiring lung decompression or lung transplantation); pulmonary atelectasis; pus thorax; lung abscess; pulmonary tuberculosis; pulmonary cysts (congenital); middle lobe syndrome; pulmonary fungal disease, etc. (2) Tracheal and bronchial diseases: bronchiectasis; (bronchial) tracheal cysts; tracheal tumors; tracheal stenosis; benign bronchial tumors, etc. (3) Pleural diseases: pleural mesothelioma; pleurisy; pleural tuberculosis; pleural effusion (blood). (4) Esophageal diseases: esophageal cancer; benign esophageal tumor (smooth muscle tumor); benign esophageal stenosis; pancreatic cancer; pancreatic dystrophy; esophageal hiatal hernia; esophageal diverticulum; esophageal polyps; esophageal varices, etc. (5) Mediastinal diseases: thymoma (including benign, malignant and junctional tumors); mediastinal cyst (such as pericardial cyst, parathyroid cyst, thymic cyst, lymphatic cyst, etc.); retrosternal goiter; teratoma (including benign and malignant); neurogenic tumors (mostly seen in the posterior mediastinum, such as nerve sheath tumor, neuroblastoma, neurofibroma, ganglion cell tumor, etc.); lipoma; mediastinal tuberculosis, etc. (6) Chest wall diseases: rib tumors; intercostal neuralgia; costal chondritis; chest wall masses (such as lipomas, sebaceous cysts, hemangiomas, mammary masses, etc.); chest wall tuberculosis; corpus cavernosum; funnel chest, etc. (7) Chest trauma: rib fracture; hemothorax; pneumothorax; pulmonary blast injury, chest foreign body, etc. (8) Others: such as hand sweating, celiac disease, diaphragmatic hernia, diaphragmatic palsy, etc.