Myelodysplasia is a highly heterogeneous malignant clonal lesion, clinically known as myelodysplastic syndrome, which includes many types, with individual differences in patient survival between the different types. Myelodysplastic syndromes are diseases that originate from hematopoietic stem cells and are mainly characterized by pathological hematopoiesis. In the case of low-risk types, patients can survive for a longer period of time, ranging from several months to a dozen years. In the case of high-risk types, the disease may quickly transform into acute leukemia and the patient’s survival time is similar to that of leukemia. Without timely intervention, it may be life-threatening in a matter of months or, if treated, can have a better prognosis. Regardless of which category a patient is in, the best treatment to achieve long-term survival is an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant, which is especially valuable for young, high-risk patients.