Chalazion, also known as a chalazion cyst, is a chronic inflammatory granuloma of the lid gland caused by obstruction of the outlet of the lid gland and retention of secretions. It can occur in both children and adults. It is a slow-onset, palpable nodule on the surface of the eyelid, varying in size from a cherry to a mung bean, with no adhesion to the skin, no pressure pain, and a purplish or gray-red elevation on the conjunctival surface of the corresponding lid. They occur mostly on the upper lid, but can also occur concurrently on the upper and lower lids, either singly or simultaneously or sequentially. There are two types of chalazia: 1. Conjunctival surface type: It presents with a dark red conjunctival surface. The chalazion does not develop on the skin surface of the eyelid and can be removed through conjunctival surgery, which involves making a small incision on the conjunctival surface and scraping out the necrotic degenerative tissue from the chalazion cavity. No scarring is left on the eyelid after surgery. 2. Skin surface type: Chalazion granuloma develops on the skin surface of the eyelid, and the swelling gradually increases in size. A large amount of hemorrhagic necrotic tissue can be present in the cystic cavity of the swelling. This type of chalazion is more complex, and if not treated aggressively, the cyst eventually ruptures, leaving a large irregular scar tissue on the skin surface, and a severe defect in the skin surface of the eyelid can cause ectropion of the eyelid. Macroglossia is an acute inflammation of the lid glands caused by bacterial (commonly staphylococcal) infection and is divided into external and internal macroglossia depending on the location of the affected glandular tissue. Ectromelanoma is an infection of the sebaceous gland (Zeiss gland), which is part of the eyelash follicle, and is commonly referred to as a “needle’s eye”. It starts with a gradual increase in itchiness, edema and congestion of the eyelid, swelling and pressure pain, and a hard nodule that can be palpated near the lid margin. The pain is particularly pronounced in the outer canthus, the lateral bulbar conjunctiva is edematous, and the lymph nodes in front of the ear are enlarged and painful. After a few days, the nodules gradually soften and a yellow pus head is found at the base of the eyelashes. Once the pus has penetrated the skin and drained outward, the redness and swelling rapidly subside and the pain is relieved. Internal mydriasis is an acute purulent inflammation of the lid gland. Because the lid gland is surrounded by firm facial tissue and the lesion is deep, the eyelid redness and swelling are not very pronounced. After suppuration of the gland, grayish-yellow pus heads can be seen faintly on the congested conjunctival surface, mostly breaking through the barrier between the lid and conjunctiva and flowing into the conjunctival sac, or draining from the opening of the lid gland, individually penetrating the skin. The redness and swelling subside as soon as the pus is drained. If the causative organism is highly virulent, the inflammation spreads and invades the entire lid before the pus can penetrate outward, resulting in an eyelid abscess.