Any superfluous organisms protruding from the mucosa of the large intestine into the lumen, regardless of their size, shape and histological type, are collectively referred to as “polyps” or “multiple polyps”, also known as “polyposis The polyp is also called “polyposis”. Pathological examination can be divided into tubular adenoma, villous adenoma and tubular villous adenoma (mixed type), etc.
Colorectal cancer (also known as colorectal cancer) has many complex factors, and colorectal adenomas and multiple adenomas are extremely close to the development of colorectal cancer and are the most important precancerous lesions of colorectal cancer. If familial polyps are not treated in time, 100% of them will eventually become cancerous. Therefore, once multiple intestinal polyps are found, they must be treated with reasonable endoscopic minimally invasive or even surgical treatment in a specialist hospital as soon as possible.
Colon polyps and dietary habits
U.S. doctors have long recommended that consuming more high-fiber vegetables, fruits and coarse grains has a protective effect against colorectal cancer, but a large study in 2004 reported that dietary fiber had no effect on the incidence of colon cancer, making the entire medical community particularly alarmed. Diets in countries with a high incidence of colon cancer are characterized by a high fat content, while diets in countries with a low incidence are lower in fat. A high-fat diet can cause an increase in bile acid metabolites (deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid), cholesterol metabolites (steroids and solid ketones), and bacterial p-glucuronidase activity in the stool, all of which are either carcinogens or carcinogenic and may lead to colon cancer. Therefore, excessive fat diet is directly or indirectly related to colorectal cancer.
High-fat diet, another title for it, is the “catalyst” of colorectal cancer. Americans prefer fried foods, dark red meats (beef, lamb, chicken), and smoked foods. These high-fat foods contain a large amount of saturated fatty acids, which can easily lead to disorders in the composition of the colonic flora and promote the generation and development of carcinogens. The incidence of colorectal cancer in China, Japan and other Asian countries is significantly lower than that in the United States, mainly because of the low intake of high fat. Therefore, limiting fat intake to less than 30% of total calories is the main means to prevent colorectal cancer.
The higher the intake of animal fat from the diet, the greater the risk of dissolving and absorbing carcinogens. A high-fat diet increases the secretion of bile acids in the intestine, the latter being potentially irritating and damaging to the intestinal mucosa. The lack of carcinogen diluting fiber, in turn, tends to increase the concentration of carcinogens after metabolism. If in such stimulation and damage for a long time, it may induce the production of tumor cells and lead to colorectal cancer.
Deep-fried, fried and baked foods, pickled products contain carcinogens and certain other micronutrient deficiencies also increase the incidence of colorectal cancer. Greasy diet can increase the concentration of bile acids and neutral sterols in the colon, change the composition of colonic flora and gradually form carcinogenic substances in the intestine. And food additives, meat and fish treated with nitrite (such as salted meat, ham, salted fish, etc.) and some drugs (such as piramiphos, lisinopril, oxytetracycline, etc.) also have carcinogenic substances.
In the fat-rich food, fat and lean pork fat content is 75 times higher than rhubarb, fat and lean lamb is 4l times higher than shrimp, pork, beef and lamb also have more cholesterol and saturated fatty acids than fish, chicken and shrimp. The more animal fat you consume, the greater the risk of dissolving and absorbing carcinogenic substances. When digesting high-fat food, the gastrointestinal tract needs more bile, and the extra bile is decomposed by intestinal bacteria to produce carcinogenic “secondary bile acids”, which are carcinogens that act on the intestinal mucosa all year round and cause cancer in the intestinal mucosa, leading to colorectal cancer.
The fecal test of colorectal cancer patients who like to eat high-fat food found that the bile acid content is many times higher than that of low-fat diets and normal people; the cholesterol content in the feces of colorectal cancer patients is more than double that of healthy people. Animal experiments found that when the same dose of carcinogens was added to high-fat and low-fat diets, the cancer incidence of animals fed high-fat diets was 1.4 times higher than that of the low-fat diets. It was confirmed that high fat and high cholesterol diet is closely related to colorectal cancer.
In addition, long-term excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, as well as irregular life, mental stress, excessive pressure, and too little exercise, all directly contribute to the high incidence of colorectal cancer among young people. And all these factors are more important than the influence of genetic and racial factors.
Treatment of colon polyps
At present, there are more methods to treat colon polyps, but clinically, minimally invasive endoscopic resection is mostly used, which can save patients from the pain of open surgery. Endoscopic polypectomy is less invasive and less painful, and it is especially suitable for the elderly and infants, so it is now widely available. The incidence of colorectal cancer is reduced by about 70% to 90% in patients treated by endoscopic resection.
The endoscopist generally determines the treatment plan based on the size, shape, and nature and number of intestinal polyps. Usually, inflammatory polyps do not require special treatment, and follow-up colonoscopies are performed every one to two years. Small adenomatous polyps can be removed directly by electrocoagulation under colonoscopy, while larger polyps can be removed by electrocoagulation after ligating the roots with metal titanium clips or nylon wires under colonoscopy. Some other multiple complex polyps still need to be removed by open surgery.
In recent years, with the renewal of electronic endoscopy and the continuous improvement of endoscopic treatment accessories, the domestic diagnosis and treatment level of colon polyps and early intestinal cancer using colonoscopy has reached the international advanced level, and new international technologies such as titanium clip hemostasis, titanium clip positioning and nylon loop ligation, mucosal resection and argon knife coagulation have been skillfully applied to the clinical treatment of intestinal polyps, and these new technologies have enabled more than 95% of intestinal polyps patients to undergo endoscopic resection.
However, patients with intestinal polyps after endoscopic resection should be reminded to consume a liquid or semi-liquid diet for 10 days after surgery, avoid cold, spicy and hard foods, and avoid strenuous activities to prevent perforation and bleeding of the polyp removal stump, and inform the doctor promptly if abdominal pain or blood in stool occurs. In addition, colonic polyps are prone to recurrence, so the removal of polyps does not mean that the cancer alarm is lifted, and patients still need to receive follow-up colonoscopy screening. Patients are recommended to undergo colonoscopy review from 3 months to 6 months after surgery as required by the doctor.
Early warning signs of colorectal cancer
How to achieve early detection and early treatment of colorectal cancer is especially important, colorectal cancer is located deep in human colon, its onset is also hidden, early symptoms are not obvious, but there are still the following ten early warning signals.
1.Family history of colorectal cancer refers to malignant tumors of colon, rectum and anus, which are autosomal dominant genetic diseases, caused by mismatch repair gene defects, especially when both parents suffer from this disease. It is reported that about 1/8 of familial cancer members or their offspring have colorectal cancer.
2.History of familial polyps in the colon, polyps mostly develop in adolescence and can become cancerous after the age of 40. Therefore, once patients are diagnosed with colorectal polyps, they should undergo total colon and rectal resection as soon as possible to prevent cancerous changes.
3, adenomatous polyp patients, adenomatous polyps of the colon more than 1cm, there is a 40-50% chance of cancer, should be timely excision treatment to interrupt the polyp malignant transformation.
4.Patients with colorectal cancer, abnormal reproduction of abdomen or bowel movement after surgery, positive carcinoembryonic antigen, should promptly do colonoscopy to exclude the existence of multiple primary cancers of the large intestine or recurrence of intestinal cancer.
5.Patients who have suffered from gastrointestinal tumors (such as gastric cancer), breast cancer, etc., which are homologous with the etiology of colorectal cancer.
6, middle-aged and elderly people with unexplained loss of appetite, weakness and wasting should do the relevant census and follow-up work to facilitate early detection and diagnosis.
7.Unexplained progressive anemia, pale face day by day, have ruled out other parts of blood loss and blood diseases.
8.Unexplained change of stool habit, change of stool habit refers to abnormal defecation feeling, incomplete defecation, alternating hard and rotten stool, more frequent stool, anal urgency, deformation of stool, etc., which is one of the early manifestation symptoms of colorectal cancer.
9. Abdominal pain, discomfort or hidden pain in the abdomen at the beginning of the disease, is related to defecation. When there is paroxysmal abdominal pain, it is because the tumor has narrowed the intestinal cavity and obstructed the passage of stool, which is mostly seen in the middle and late stage patients.
10, blood in the stool or bloody mucus stool, where the stool with dark red blood and bloody mucus stool and continue to appear, gradually increasing, with diagnostic value; fecal occult blood test repeatedly positive, with screening value, do not be treated as “hemorrhoids”, “colitis” bleeding, etc. This is a common clinical misdiagnosis and misdiagnosis, and the lesson is profound.