In the 20th century, vitamin B1 was discovered during the study of “foot disease”, and over the next hundred years, people have conducted in-depth research on the vitamin. As research continued, it was discovered that vitamins are essential for normal physiological functions of the human body, and are generally found in extremely low amounts in the human body, with daily requirements often calculated in milligrams (mg) or micrograms (ug), but play an important role. However, the human body cannot synthesize it by itself and must be supplemented by food. When the human body is deficient in a certain vitamin for a long time, the corresponding vitamin deficiency will appear and cause some characteristic clinical manifestations. Abnormalities in vitamin metabolism can seriously affect the health status of the body and become the basis for the occurrence and development of various diseases. In the body, vitamins are the components of cofactors or coenzymes, which are involved in various physiological metabolism of the body and ensure the normal development, growth and metabolism of the body. Once the organism develops a deficiency of a certain vitamin, it will show the corresponding clinical manifestations. The body can synthesize a small amount of vitamin D, but the rest of the vitamins need to rely on food to supplement, according to the different solubility of these vitamins, people will be divided into: fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins include: vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K. Water-soluble vitamins include: vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin PP, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, vitamin C, lipoic acid. There is a wide variety of vitamins, and the following are a few vitamins that are closely linked to neurological disorders. Vitamin B1 Vitamin B1 is one of the first recognized vitamins, also known as thiamin and anti-neuroinflammatory, and its molecular composition includes a pyrimidine and a thiazole ring. Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) is the main coenzyme form of vitamin B1, and its main roles in the body are: 1. Thiamin pyrophosphate is involved in the decarboxylation reaction of α-keto acid, therefore, when vitamin B1 is deficient, it leads to the impairment of the oxidative decarboxylation reaction of α-keto acid in the body, resulting in the accumulation of pyruvate, which seriously affects the aerobic oxidation of the body, and since nerve tissue cannot carry out anaerobic oxidation, the energy required are This further leads to insufficient energy supply to nerve cells and impaired myelin synthesis, resulting in the occurrence of peripheral neuritis; 2. Thiamin pyrophosphate is involved in the trans-keto alcohol reaction in the pentose phosphate pathway, and an important biochemical role of the pentose phosphate pathway is to provide ribose for the metabolism of nucleic acids, and when vitamin B1 is deficient, it leads to a restricted pentose phosphate metabolic pathway, thus affecting the production of nucleic acids. 3. Thiamin pyrophosphate Involved in the synthesis and decomposition of acetylcholine. When vitamin B1 is deficient, it affects the synthesis of acetylcholine and also leads to enhanced cholinesterase activity, resulting in affected nerve conduction, which can cause slow gastrointestinal motility, reduced digestive secretion, loss of appetite, indigestion and other disorders. Foot disease and Wernicke’s encephalopathy are now known to be associated with vitamin B1 deficiency. Vitamin B6 Vitamin B6 is a nitrogenous compound that exists mainly in three natural forms, including pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine. Its active coenzyme forms are pyridoxal 5-phosphate and pyridoxamine 5-phosphate, which constitute the coenzyme of many important biochemical reactions in the body, such as alanine transferase, glutamate transferase, tryptophan decarboxylase, etc., and affect the body’s glucose xenobiotic, niacin formation, lipid metabolism, hormone regulation. pyridoxal 5-phosphate is the coenzyme of aminotransferase and decarboxylase in amino acid metabolism, which can promote glutamate decarboxylation and enhance γ -Pyridoxal 5-phosphate is a coenzyme of aminotransferase and decarboxylase in amino acid metabolism. And vitamin B6 and its coenzymes play an important role in the development of the nervous system in the fetus and after birth. When vitamin B6 deficiency is present, in the nervous system, it affects the metabolism of homocysteine, which leads to the development of hyperhomocysteinemia and further leads to the development of ischemic cerebrovascular disease and degenerative lesions of the nervous system. On the other hand vitamin B6 deficiency affects the amino acid class and nitric oxide transmitter system in the brain amino acid transmitters in the brain have an important role in the regulation of learning memory function. Again, vitamin B6 also has an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation, and when the body’s vitamin B6 levels are reduced, there exists a possible increased probability of thrombosis, leading to the occurrence of strokes. Vitamin B12, also known as cyanocobalamin, is a glucose-like compound whose molecular composition is such that methylation of homocysteine in the body can produce methionine, the coenzyme of methyltransferase that catalyzes this reaction is vitamin B12. The body carries out a wide range of methylation reactions in the body through the methionine cycle to maintain normal physiological activities. When vitamin B12 is deficient in the body, it can impair neurological function through a variety of mechanisms. First, vitamin B12 mediates important enzymatic reactions in the body and is involved in the methylation of many important substances, including DNA, RNA, proteins, myelin and many neurotransmitters. Once vitamin B12 is deficient in the body, it leads to serious metabolic disorders and causes myelin transformation due to abnormal synthesis of fatty acids, resulting in impaired formation and loss of myelin sheaths, leading to neurodemyelinating lesions. Secondly, cytotoxic effects and impairment of neurological function can be caused by the accumulation of homocysteine in the skull due to vitamin B12 deficiency, resulting in toxic effects. Thirdly, methionine synthesis is impaired so that methyltetrahydrofolate cannot be converted to tetrahydrofolate, resulting in reduced production of methylenetetrahydrofolate. This results in blocked DNA synthesis and neurological dysfunction. Vitamin B12 deficiency often causes neurological dysfunction, including dementia, Parkinson’s syndrome and cerebrovascular disease, depression, schizophrenia-like symptoms and mania, subacute spinal cord degeneration, peripheral neuropathy, etc. Folic acid Folic acid, also known as pteroyl glutamate, is a class of compounds containing the common structure of pteroyl glutamate, a coenzyme of the one-carbon unit transferase enzyme in the body, and most of the folic acid in the circulatory system exists as 5-methyl-H4 pteroyl glutamate. Since 5-methyl-H4 pteroylglutamine can act not only as a one-carbon unit acceptor but also as a one-carbon unit donor, folic acid is involved in the synthesis of purines, thymidines, methionines and serine-glycine interactions in the body. When folic acid is deficient, it can lead to the development of cancer, genetic mutations, and abnormal neural tube development. Second, various studies have shown that vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency can lead to the development of hyperhomocysteinemia, which can lead to stroke time, with folic acid being the most closely related. Therefore, the harmful effects of folic acid on the nervous system are mainly due to indirect damaging effects by causing the occurrence of hyperhomocysteinemia, and the mechanism by which it causes neurological lesions can be found in the chapter on hyperhomocysteinemia. Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a 6-carbon polyhydroxy compound that directly participates in oxidation-reduction and hydroxylation reactions and has a variety of physiological functions. 1. Vitamin C is a non-enzymatic free radical scavenger with broad-spectrum antioxidant effects. 4, as a neuromodulatory substance, it has the function of regulating a variety of neurotransmitters. When vitamin C is deficient, it can cause disturbance of cholesterol metabolism, increase the level of histamine in plasma, further damage the endothelium of arteries, promote atherosclerosis, and lead to stroke. Vitamin C deficiency is also closely related to the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases and epilepsy, and plays an extremely important role in the treatment of neurological diseases. Vitamin A Vitamin A anti-dry eye disease vitamin, the original form compound of the vitamin A family is all-trans retinol, natural vitamin A and two forms A1 and A2, where A1 is also known as retinol and A2 is also known as 3-dehydroretinol. The active forms in the body include retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. Vitamin A has a wide range of biological activities in the regulation and control of proliferation and differentiation, growth and development, morphogenesis, metabolism, stable homeostasis of the internal environment, dark vision and reproduction in a variety of normal tissues and epithelial cells. Retinal is derived from vitamin A, which is an unsaturated alcohol that can be oxidized to retinal by the action of an enzyme in the body. This is consistent with the fact that the human eye feels the brightest (not blue-green) light in the blue-green region of the spectrum (corresponding to the vicinity of 500 nm wavelength) under low light conditions, indicating that human dark vision is directly related to the photochemical reaction of retinoids contained in the optic rod cells. During the breakdown and resynthesis of retinal, a portion of retinaldehyde is consumed, which is eventually replaced by vitamin A that enters the bloodstream from food (a significant portion of which is stored in the liver). Vitamin D is associated with the calcification of animal bones and is therefore also known as calcitriol. There are two natural forms of vitamin D, ergocalciferol (D2) and cholecalciferol (D3). Ergocalciferol (24-methyl-22-dehydro-7-dehydrocholesterol), which is contained in vegetable oil or yeast, can be converted to vitamin D2 when activated by ultraviolet light. 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin of animals can also be converted to vitamin D3 by ultraviolet light, so ergocalciferol and 7-dehydrocholesterol are often referred to as vitamin D pro. In animals, vitamin D2 and D3 from food can be absorbed in the small intestine, absorbed into the blood via the lymphatics, and taken up primarily by the liver before being stored in adipose tissue or other tissues rich in lipids. In the human body, vitamin D is mainly D3, which comes from vitamin D3 prodigiosa (7-dehydrocholesterol). Therefore, getting more sunlight is one of the main ways to prevent vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D2 and D3 are colorless crystals, which are stable and not easily destroyed. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is used in the nervous system to: 1) promote the synthesis of neurotrophic factors; 2) resist excitotoxic damage. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 exerts neuroprotective effects by regulating intracellular calcium homeostasis in neurons. Excitatory amino acids activate and open voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, mediating calcium in-flow and calcium overload, and initiating neuronal death processes.3. Promote neurotransmitter synthesis.4. Anti-oxidant damage. Due to the above mechanism, it has been found that vitamin D has an important role in the treatment of central nervous system tumors, multiple sclerosis, cerebral ischemia, Parkinson’s disease ( PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and motor neuron disease (MND). Vitamin E is a generic term for tocopherols and tocotrienols, also known as anti-fertility vitamins. Vitamin E is an essential vitamin for the maintenance of normal metabolism and function of the body. Research has shown that vitamin E is the collective name for a group of molecules that include alpha, beta, gamma and delta tocopherols and alpha, beta, gamma and delta tocotrienols. Vitamin E is internationally recognized as an effective drug against oxygen free radicals, playing an important role in the process of antioxidation, anti-free radicals, improving immune function, anti-aging, anti-cancer, etc., the lack of which causes infertility, hair loss, muscular dystrophy, central nervous system changes, anemia, etc. Current research shows that vitamin E plays an important role in the treatment of cranial injury, epilepsy, cerebral infarction, Alzheimer’s disease and other diseases.