Painful intercourse may have multiple etiologies, such as illness, psychological factors (e.g., depression), fatigue, and abnormal partner relationships, and requires a comprehensive assessment. The following aspects help the physician to clarify the background affecting the patient’s pain: 1. Current situation (relationship problems): such as communication between partners, lack of time, fatigue, or lack of privacy. 2. personal vulnerability: such as negative attitudes toward oneself and the body, maintaining control over life or sexual situations, early sexual abuse or trauma, inhibitory tendencies; 3. health: such as psychiatric factors (e.g., depression or anxiety), illnesses (e.g., endocrine abnormalities, infections, endometriosis), adverse drug reactions, etc.; unfortunately, we cannot provide enough time and seclusion during outpatient visits to fully communicate with patients. Unfortunately, we are unable to provide enough time and confidential space to fully communicate with the patient during the outpatient consultation. Reproductive tract infections are only one of the etiologies of painful intercourse, which can lead to painful penetrative intercourse and painful deep intercourse. I. Benign non-sexually transmitted diseases, such as vaginitis, eczema, contact dermatitis, chronic infections, trauma, etc. 1. vulvar skin disease, vaginitis: painful penetrative intercourse and painful penile activity; 2. pelvic inflammatory disease: painful deep intercourse; the physician may use corticosteroid and/or antibiotic medications based on clinical examination and experience. 2. Sexually transmitted diseases, safe sexual behavior should be encouraged by temporarily stopping or using protective measures. Patients with multisystemic and multifactorial problems such as limited skin-to-skin contact, significant symptoms, breakdown of self-image, difficulty making friends, shyness, and lack of self-confidence may require referral to the appropriate department for psychosexual support.