Prostatic hyperplasia is a benign lesion and prostate cancer is a malignant lesion. The two can coexist but have no causal relationship with each other. The first symptom caused by prostatic hyperplasia is frequent urination and increased urination at night. Further development of the lesion will cause damage to the form and function of the bladder, followed by acute and chronic urinary retention and subsequent bladder stones and urinary tract infections. Patients may experience painful urination, hematuria, fever, and more severe urination symptoms. If the disease continues to develop, hydronephrosis may occur, and even life-threatening renal failure may occur. The most common symptom of prostate hyperplasia is the effort to urinate, which is characterized by frequent urination, especially at night; hesitant and time-consuming urination, thinning of the urine line, short range, dripping urine, etc. In addition, there are acute and chronic urinary retention, urinary incontinence, bladder stones, hematuria, urinary tract infections and hydronephrosis. What tests are needed after the onset of urinary symptoms in prostatic hyperplasia? First, serum PSA test to rule out the risk of prostate cancer. Second, transrectal ultrasound to find out the volume of the prostate. This method is more realistic and accurate than transabdominal ultrasound, and it is more convenient for the patient because there is no need to hold urine beforehand. Third, free urine flow rate measurement or urodynamic analysis. Mild symptoms of prostate enlargement can be withheld Not all elderly people with pathological changes of prostate enlargement will produce urinary symptoms. Therefore, those with symptoms need to be treated, while those patients with no or mild urinary symptoms can be temporarily left untreated. Patients need to be clear that all treatment regarding prostatic hyperplasia is symptomatic. Medications are convenient and safe. There are three main categories of drugs commonly used: 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors, which reduce the size of the prostate, thereby reducing urethral resistance; alpha-blockers, which increase the contraction of the detrusor muscle, improve the efficiency of urination and improve urinary frequency symptoms; and botanicals, whose main effect is to eliminate damage and edema in the prostatic urethra and reduce urinary discomfort. Surgical treatment is the most satisfactory, but carries some risks. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) or transurethral 2 micron laser resection is now the gold standard of surgical treatment modalities worldwide, while the ancient open surgical approach is rarely used anymore. The risk of prostate cancer is reflected by a PSA test value of <4 ng/ml, and a PSA test value of 4-10 ng/ml, which is the normal cut-off value. . When the prostate gland becomes hard or has hard nodules on anal examination, most patients have already entered the middle and advanced stages of prostate cancer. A small number of patients with advanced prostate cancer may present with difficulty urinating or urinary incontinence. The first clinical symptom in a very small number of patients is bone metastasis from prostate cancer. Men over 50 years old should have their PSA checked annually Men over 50 years old should have their PSA tested at least once a year. When two consecutive PSA test results exceed the normal range, prostate puncture biopsy examination should be chosen. When abnormal nodules are found in the anal examination of the prostate, or when abnormal signals are found in imaging examinations such as ultrasound, CT, or MRI, even if the PSA test value is not high, prostate puncture biopsy should be considered because some prostate cancer patients are not diagnosed with a high PSA test value.