Gallbladder stones have become a common and frequent disease worldwide, seriously endangering human health. According to statistics, the rate of simple gallbladder stones accounting for gallstone disease in China increased from 52.8% in the 1980s to 79.9% in the 1990s. How to carry out the prevention and treatment of gallbladder stones is a common concern. The etiology and pathogenesis of gallbladder stones have not yet been fully elucidated. A large number of studies and epidemiological surveys at home and abroad generally agree that gallbladder stones are the result of a combination of multiple factors. The pathogenesis: 1) abnormal lipid metabolism, lithogenic bile secretion, bile cholesterol supersaturation, reduced formation of cholesterol dissolving “bubbles”, bilirubin calcium formation; 2) abnormal gallbladder concentration and secretion function, gallbladder contraction function, gallbladder bile sludge and bile sludge formation; 3) biliary tract infection, biliary tract obstruction, biliary tract foreign body. The main factors associated with the occurrence of gallbladder stones have been found to include: 1. Individual factors: For example, age is a risk factor for gallstone disease, and the risk of developing gallbladder stones increases as age rises. Foreign scholars believe that this is due to the positive correlation between age and cholesterol saturation in bile, and the negative correlation with bile acid synthesis and the size of the bile acid pool. The study also found that the relationship between obesity and female gallstone disease is clearer, and the change in the contractility of the gallbladder in obese people is the main factor leading to the increased risk of gallbladder stone formation. 2, dietary factors: research shows that high cholesterol, high saturated fat diet may be one of the main risk factors for the occurrence of gallbladder stones. Such as animal offal, fatty meat, fried food and creamy pastry. With the development of China’s economy, the dietary structure of urban and rural residents has changed greatly, especially in the last decade, the fat intake of urban population is close to the upper limit of 30% of a reasonable diet. This situation is also related to the year-on-year increase in the incidence of gallbladder stones in China in recent years. Research also found that irregular breakfast eating or often do not eat breakfast, fasting for a long time, etc., can cause the gallbladder to empty slower and more bile residue, and cholesterol and gallbladder have a high affinity, causing the gallbladder contraction is slow, promoting the role of stone formation. 3, genetic factors: In recent years, domestic and foreign research has confirmed that gallbladder stones have family aggregation. The heritability of first-degree relatives with gallstone disease is 21.80%-44.0%. Such a strong family aggregation indicates that genetic material plays an important role in the occurrence of gallstone disease in family members. It is now believed that cholelithiasis is a polygenic disease, and that the micro-effective accumulation of multiple genes and acquired environmental factors may play an important role in its pathogenesis. Data show that 74.2% of family lines have one or both parents with cholelithiasis, suggesting that both parents have an impact on the development of the offspring; siblings have a prevalence of 58.0%, and more than half of siblings are affected, with both siblings developing the disease. Familial cholelithiasis may have some characteristics of Mendelian autosomal dominant inheritance. It is also a delayed inheritance because its onset tends to occur after 35 years of age. There is no difference in offspring morbidity between the sexes, and the mother may have a greater impact on her offspring than the father. 4, the relationship with metabolic polygenic diseases: the survey results show that gallbladder stones are closely related to abnormal lipid metabolism, 36.6% of all gallbladder stone families have a family history of hyperlipidemia; in addition, 66.7% and 29.0% of families have a family history of hypertension and diabetes, respectively, which belong to the same metabolic polygenic diseases, gallbladder stones and they contain the same susceptibility genes They are also metabolic polygenic diseases, and gallbladder stones contain the same susceptibility genes or causative factors. 5. Female physiological fertility: It was found that the prevalence of gallbladder stones is higher in women than in men, and the risk of gallbladder stones increases with the number of pregnancies. The cholesterol saturation index of pregnant women’s bile increases with the number of weeks of pregnancy, and the tension of the gallbladder decreases during pregnancy, resulting in the accumulation of bile and the formation of gallbladder stones. Estrogen is the main estrogen in postmenopausal women, which can increase the cholesterol saturation in bile and contribute to stone formation. The relationship between gallbladder cancer and gallbladder stones Epidemiological survey results show that 20%-82% of gallbladder cancers in China are combined with gallbladder stones, while 54%-100% in foreign countries, indicating that gallbladder cancer and gallbladder stones are closely related. Research results suggest that the chance of gallbladder cancer with gallbladder stones is 2-7 times higher than that without stones, and there are far more female gallbladder cancer patients with gallbladder stones than male patients with gallbladder stones; the relative risk of gallbladder cancer in patients with gallbladder stones increases with the long-term existence of stones and the increase of stones. The mechanism of gallbladder cancer is not well understood, but many scholars believe that the presence of long-term gallstones and cholecystitis causes epithelial hyperplasia and epithelial metaplasia in the gallbladder mucosa, followed by atypical hyperplasia in some cases, and finally it develops into carcinoma in situ or even invasive carcinoma. Prevention of gallbladder stones Combined with the main risk factors of gallbladder stone disease, preventive measures include: maintaining good living habits, adjusting a reasonable dietary structure, avoiding excessive high cholesterol and high saturated fat foods, advocating a low-fat, low cholesterol, high vitamin C and high fiber diet; timely detection and control of hyperlipidemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus; avoiding multiple pregnancies; strengthening exercise and maintaining normal weight.