HBV infection is endemic worldwide, but the prevalence of HBV infection varies greatly in intensity from region to region. According to the World Health Organization, about 2 billion people worldwide have been infected with HBV, of which 240 million are chronic HBV infected, and about 650,000 people die each year from liver failure, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) caused by HBV infection. The proportion of patients with cirrhosis and HCC caused by HBV infection is 30% and 45% respectively globally, and the proportion of patients with cirrhosis and HCC caused by HBV infection is 60% and 80% respectively in China. The proportion of patients with HBeAg-negative CHB has increased in recent years due to the widespread immunization against hepatitis B vaccine, the significant reduction of acute HBV, and the aging of the HBV-infected population, coupled with the widespread use of antiviral drugs. The indications for antiviral therapy are mainly based on serum HBV DNA levels, serum ALT and severity of liver disease, and the decision to initiate antiviral therapy is made after a comprehensive assessment of the patient’s risk of disease progression, taking into account factors such as age, family history and concomitant diseases. A dynamic assessment is more clinically relevant than a single test. In HBeAg-positive patients, after an elevated ALT level is detected, observation for 3 – 6 months is recommended, and if spontaneous HBeAg serological conversion does not occur, antiviral therapy may be recommended for consideration. However, the following conditions should be met at the same time: 1. HBV DNA level: HBeAg positive patients. HBV DNA ≥ 20,000 IU/mL; HBeAg negative patients, HBV DNA ≥ 2,000 IU/mL; 2. ALT level: a sustained elevation of ALT ≥ 2*ULN is generally required; if treated with interferon, ALT should be ≤ 10*ULN in general and serum Total bilirubin should be <2*uln< span="">. The efficacy of PegIFN-a in the treatment of CHB patients is certain, and PegIFN-a can achieve higher HBeAg serological conversion rate, HBV DNA inhibition and biochemical response rate compared with regular IFN-a. Several international multicenter randomized controlled clinical trials have shown that HBeAg-positive patients with CHB treated with PegIFN-a-2a 180 μg/week for 48 weeks had HBeAg serologic conversion rates of 32%–36% at 24 weeks of discontinuation follow-up, with baseline ALT2 –The HBeAg seroconversion rate was 44.8% at 24 weeks of discontinuation in patients with ALT2-5 times ULN and 61.1% in patients with ALT5-10 times ULN. HBeAg conversion rate was 2.3–3% at 24 weeks of drug discontinuation. In HBeAg-negative CHB patients (60% Asian) treated with PegIFN-a-2a for 48 weeks, the rate of HBV DNA <2000 IU/mL was 43% at 24 weeks of discontinuation and 42% at 48 weeks of post-discontinuation follow-up; the rate of HBeAg disappearance was 3% at 24 weeks of discontinuation, increasing to 8.7% at 3 years of discontinuation and 12% at 5 years of discontinuation Some studies have shown that extending the course of PegIFN-a to 2 years may improve treatment response rates and reduce the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. For now, nucleoside (acid) analogs are widely used and long-acting interferons play a role in helping nucleoside (acid) analogs treated patients to shorten the course of treatment and increase the possibility of discontinuation. It can be said that the switch to or combination of long-acting interferon therapy for some of the current long-term nucleoside analog patients is beneficial and worth trying. Of course, I would like to remind all patients that a variety of treatments are currently being tried in the hope of finding shortcuts to shorten the course of treatment and improve outcomes.