Thyroid adenoma is a common and frequent clinical disease, the majority of which are benign lesions and a few are cancerous. The etiology is unclear, and the pathological changes are follicular hyperplasia of the thyroid gland and enlargement of thyroid tissue. Benign lesions are soft in texture, while malignant lesions are hard in texture. Most thyroid adenomas occur in young women. Thyroid cancer is composed of several carcinomas with different biological behavior and pathological types, which differ markedly in age of onset, growth rate, metastatic pathways and prognosis. One in ten benign thyroid adenomas can progress to malignancy, and malignancy may also be associated with radiation exposure.