The incidence of the disease differs greatly depending on the region and gender. Generally speaking, the incidence of this disease is high in iodine-deficient areas in highlands; in terms of gender, the incidence of benign thyroid tumors is 2-4 times higher in women than in men. In the development of thyroid tumors, it can be single or multiple, and benign thyroid tumors are more common. Thyroid tumors can be divided into benign thyroid tumors and malignant thyroid tumors according to their differentiation and biological characteristics. Thyroid adenoma originates from the follicular tissue of the thyroid gland and is the most common benign tumor of the thyroid gland. It is usually a single nodule in the thyroid gland, but multiple nodules are rare. The tumor is garden or oval shaped, confined to one side of the gland, slightly harder than the surrounding thyroid tissue, with smooth surface, clear border, no pressure pain, moving up and down with swallowing, slow growth, and most patients have no symptoms. Thyroid adenomas can occur at any age and are more common in women. They generally have an intact envelope and vary in size and histologic features. Follicular adenomas are the most common and can be divided into giant follicular (or glial), fetal (or small follicular), and embryonal depending on the size of the follicle, and atypical adenomas that are ① slow growing, ② degenerative, and ③ malignant. Follicular adenomas are well differentiated and are close to normal glandular tissue. Most thyroid function measurements are normal, but their function is relatively autonomous and not regulated by TSH or rarely regulated by it. They often appear as a single nodule within the gland, ranging from a few millimeters to more than 10cra in diameter. They are usually slow-growing and have no symptoms of pressure. About 90% of benign adenomas are unable to concentrate TcO~- or radioactive iodine, and are easily misdiagnosed as cancer due to loss of function or “cold nodules” on thyroid scintigraphy. A few adenomas have the ability to concentrate iodine, and the scan shows “warm nodules” with normal TSH levels. The nodule area becomes “hot nodules”, which are clinically manifested as hyperthyroidism and are called high-functioning adenomas. In larger adenomas, hemorrhage, degeneration, necrosis or cystic degeneration may occur, resulting in “cold nodules” and loss of function, but the extra-nodular tissue may regain function. High-functioning adenomas are rarely carcinogenic and can be treated with surgical removal, radioactive iodine I and antithyroid drugs. Adenomas with eosinophilic granules in the glandular cells are called Htirthle cell adenomas. Papillary adenomas are less common and are mostly cystic, also known as papillary cystadenomas. Other rare benign thyroid tumors include teratomas, hemangiomas and smooth muscle tumors. Follicular cell carcinoma of the thyroid is a more common malignant tumor of the thyroid. Most of them are asymptomatic, but occasionally a nodule or lump is found in the anterior neck area. Some patients do not have any discomfort for a long time, and only at a later stage do they develop metastasis of cervical lymph nodes, pathological fracture, hoarseness, breathing disorder, dysphagia or even Horner syndrome. For patients suspected of thyroid tumor, thyroid function, thyroid ultrasound, thyroid scan, thyroid aspiration or biopsy are available to determine the nature of the tumor if necessary.