1. Oncogenes: DNA sequences with oncogene defects Expression of the oncogene c-myc can be found in thyroid adenomas. Activating mutations and overexpression of codons 12, 13 and 61 of the oncogene H-ras can also be found in adenomas. Mutations in proteins involved in the TSH-G protein adenylyl cyclase signaling pathway, including mutations in the extracellular and transmembrane segments of the transmembrane functional region of the TSH receptor and mutations in stimulatory GTP-binding proteins, were also found in high-functioning adenomas. All of the above findings suggest that the development of adenoma may be related to oncogenes, but the above mutations are only seen in a small proportion of adenomas. 2.Gender: The incidence of thyroid tumor is 5-6 times higher in women than in men, suggesting that the gender factor may be related to the development of adenoma, but there is no evidence that estrogen stimulates the growth of tumor cells. 3.External radiation exposure: Radiation causes genetic mutation The incidence of thyroid cancer is about 100 times higher in people who have been treated with X-rays to the head, neck and chest during early childhood, and the incidence of thyroid adenoma is also significantly higher. 4.Familial tumor: family inheritance Thyroid adenoma can be seen in some familial tumor syndromes, including Cowden’s disease and Catney’s syndromes. Although most thyroid adenomas are benign lesions, if left untreated, thyroid adenomas gradually increase in size and can cause pressure, often leading to breathing difficulties, obstructed swallowing and hoarseness, as well as the possibility of cancer, and patients should be alert. The favorable way to avoid these hazards is early treatment.