Brain injury can sometimes cause distinct and specific behavioral impairments. One extremely rare condition is the inability to recognize everyday objects when you see them, a disorder called visual agnosia. Aphasia is a clinical condition in which the person is unable to recognize body parts and familiar objects through organs in the absence of sensory insufficiency, mental decline, confusion, or inattention. Pathogenesis Cognitive activity is accomplished by the involvement of different areas of the brain. The occipital lobe is the visual cortical center, mainly related to visual perception and visual memory, and lesions in areas 18 and 19 cause visual agnosia. The main causes of amnesia are intracranial tumors, cerebrovascular disease, and cranial trauma. The primary sensory areas of the brain, such as visual, auditory and somatosensory areas, receive different stimuli, which can lead to abnormalities in non-formed vision such as flashes, fires and color changes in front of the eyes, and the ear hears abnormal sounds such as “silk”, “rustle” and “rumble”. The destruction of primary sensory areas prevents the incoming impulses from producing sensations in the brain. The following diseases may also be the cause of visual loss: 1. Paralytic strabismus is a type of incomitant strabismus. Strabismus caused by extraocular muscle paralysis is called paralytic strabismus. Strabismus with oculomotor disorders is called non-comitant strabismus. Non-common strabismus is subdivided into spastic strabismus and paralytic strabismus depending on its etiology. Strabismus due to primary muscle (nerve) spasm is extremely rare and is only occasionally seen in tetanus, neurosis, etc. Therefore, the majority of extraocular muscle spasms encountered in clinical practice are sequential, so non-common strabismus generally refers to paralytic strabismus. 2, dementia syndrome Dementia syndrome (dementia syndrome) is a chronic comprehensive mental dysfunction, with slow onset of intellectual decline as the main clinical feature, including memory, thinking, understanding, judgment, calculation and other functional decline and varying degrees of personality changes, but no impairment of consciousness. It is mostly seen in organic brain diseases with slow onset and long duration, so it is also called chronic brain syndrome. 3.High cranial pressure hydrocephalus High cranial pressure hydrocephalus is essentially due to obstruction of the ventricular system and subarachnoid space in the cerebrospinal fluid circulation pathway, which causes an increase in the mean intracerebroventricular pressure or pulsatile pressure to produce ventricular enlargement, so that it cannot compensate, and the corresponding clinical symptoms appear. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic progressive central nervous system degenerative disease resulting in dementia, and is the most common cause of dementia and the most common form of dementia in old age. It often starts in old age or pre-geriatric age, with slow onset and gradual progression, with dementia as the main manifestation, starting in pre-geriatric age or with a family history of homoeopathy and rapid progression. Genetic quality and genetic mutations 10% of AD patients have a clear family history, especially before the age of 65, so family history is an important risk factor, some people believe that about 50% of AD first-degree relatives develop the disease at the age of 80-90, and the risk is 2-4 times that of AD without family history. The genes associated with the development of FAD include chromosomes 21, 14, 1 and 19. So far, FAD has been found to be an autosomal dominant disorder with genetic heterogeneity. 5.Intracranial melanoma Intracranial melanoma is a relatively rare intracranial malignant tumor. It has a rapidly progressive clinical course, a high degree of malignancy, and is very difficult to diagnose and treat. Intracranial melanoma is rich in blood flow and is prone to invade vascular disease causing intra-tumoral hemorrhage and extensive hematogenous dissemination of metastases, and the prognosis is extremely poor.