Neonatal hemolysis is an alloimmune hemolytic disease caused by mother and child blood group incompatibility, i.e., an antigen-antibody reaction between the mother and the fetus, resulting in the destruction of fetal red blood cells and causing an alloimmune disease. Among the 26 identified human blood group systems, ABO blood group incompatibility is the most common, and Rh blood group incompatibility is less common. According to studies, the probability of neonatal hemolysis is 85.3% for ABO hemolytic disease, 14.6% for Rh hemolytic disease, and 0.1% for MN (rare blood group) hemolytic disease. The clinical manifestations of neonatal hemolytic disease include the following symptoms: 1. Jaundice: most children with Rh hemolytic disease develop jaundice within 24 hours after birth and rapidly worsen, while most ABO hemolytic disease appears on the second to third day. Serum bilirubin is mainly unconjugated, but if hemolysis is severe and causes biliary stasis, conjugated bilirubin may also be elevated. 2. Anemia: the degree varies. In severe Rh hemolysis, severe anemia or heart failure can occur after birth, and in some children, late anemia can occur 3-6 weeks after birth due to the persistence of antibodies. 3. Hepatosplenomegaly: Children with Rh hemolysis have varying degrees of hepatosplenomegaly, while children with ABO hemolysis do not. 4. Complications: bilirubin encephalopathy. High bilirubin levels in the blood can damage brain cells and cause bilirubin encephalopathy, which is the most serious complication of hemolytic disease. It usually occurs 4-7 days after delivery and is characterized by increased jaundice and neurological symptoms in the child, such as drowsiness, feeding difficulties, double vision and convulsions. If left untreated, it can lead to death or sequelae such as motor dysfunction and intellectual backwardness.